Ureido substituted benzoic acid compounds and their use for nonsense suppression and the treatment of disease

ABSTRACT

The invention encompasses ureido substituted benzoic acid compounds, compositions comprising the compounds and methods for treating or preventing diseases associated with nonsense mutations of mRNA by administering these compounds or compositions.

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.11/048,656, filed Jan. 21, 2005, allowed, which claims the benefit ofU.S. provisional application No. 60/398,333, filed on Jul. 24, 2002, thedisclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in theirentirety.

1. FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention encompasses ureido substituted benzoic acid compounds,compositions comprising the compounds and methods for treating orpreventing diseases associated with nonsense mutations of mRNA byadministering these compounds or compositions.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Gene expression in cells depends upon the sequential processes oftranscription and translation. Together, these processes produce aprotein from the nucleotide sequence of its corresponding gene.

Transcription involves the synthesis of mRNA from DNA by RNA polymerase.Transcription begins at a promoter region of the gene and continuesuntil termination is induced, such as by the formation of a stem-loopstructure in the nascent RNA or the binding of the rho gene product.

Protein is then produced from mRNA by the process of translation,occurring on the ribosome with the aid of tRNA, tRNA synthetases andvarious other protein and RNA species. Translation comprises the threephases of initiation, elongation and termination. Translation isinitiated by the formation of an initiation complex consisting ofprotein factors, mRNA, tRNA, cofactors and the ribosomal subunits thatrecognize signals on the mRNA that direct the translation machinery tobegin translation on the mRNA. Once the initiation complex is formed,growth of the polypeptide chain occurs by the repetitive addition ofamino acids by the peptidyl transferase activity of the ribosome as wellas tRNA and tRNA synthetases. The presence of one of the threetermination codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) in the A site of the ribosome signalsthe polypeptide chain release factors (RFs) to bind and recognize thetermination signal. Subsequently, the ester bond between the 3′nucleotide of the tRNA located in the ribosome's P site and the nascentpolypeptide chain is hydrolyzed, the completed polypeptide chain isreleased, and the ribosome subunits are recycled for another round oftranslation.

Mutations of the DNA sequence in which the number of bases is alteredare categorized as insertion or deletion mutations (frameshiftmutations) and can result in major disruptions of the genome. Mutationsof the DNA that change one base into another are labeled missensemutations and are subdivided into the classes of transitions (one purineto another purine, or one pyrimidine to another pyrimidine) andtransversions (a purine to a pyrimidine, or a pyrimidine to a purine).

Insertions, deletions, transition and transversion mutations can allresult in a nonsense mutation, or chain termination mutation, in whichthe base mutation or frameshift mutation changes an amino acid codoninto one of the three stop codons. These premature stop codons canproduce aberrant proteins in cells as a result of premature translationtermination. A nonsense mutation in an essential gene can be lethal andcan also result in a number of human diseases, such as, cancers,lysosomal storage disorders, the muscular dystrophies, cystic fibrosisand hemophilia, to name a few.

In bacterial and eukaryotic strains with nonsense mutations, suppressionof the nonsense mutation can arise as a result of a mutation in one ofthe tRNA molecules so that the mutant tRNA can recognize the nonsensecodon, as a result of mutations in proteins that are involved in thetranslation process, as a result of mutations in the ribosome (eitherthe ribosomal RNA or ribosomal proteins), or by the addition ofcompounds known to alter the translation process (for example,cycloheximide or the aminoglycoside antibiotics). The result is that anamino acid will be incorporate into the polypeptide chain, at the siteof the nonsense mutation and translation will not prematurely terminateat the nonsense codon. The inserted amino acid will not necessarily beidentical to the original amino acid of the wild-type protein, however,many amino acid substitutions do not have a gross effect on proteinstructure or function. Thus, a protein produced by the suppression of anonsense mutation would be likely to possess activity close to that ofthe wild-type protein. This scenario provides an opportunity to treatdiseases associated with nonsense mutations by avoiding prematuretermination of translation through suppression of the nonsense mutation.

The ability of aminoglycoside antibiotics to promote readthrough ofeukaryotic stop codons has attracted interest in these drugs aspotential therapeutic agents in human diseases caused by nonsensemutations. One disease for which such a therapeutic strategy may beviable is classical late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis(LINCL), a fatal childhood neurodegenerative disease with currently noeffective treatment. Premature stop codon mutations in the gene CLN2encoding the lysosomal tripeptidyl-peptidase 1 (TPP-I) are associatedwith disease in approximately half of children diagnosed with LINCL. Theability of the aminoglycoside gentamicin to restore TPP-I activity inLINCL cell lines has been examined. In one patient-derived cell linethat was compound heterozygous for a commonly seen nonsense mutation(Arg208Stop) and a different rare nonsense mutation, approximately 7% ofnormal levels of TPP-I were maximally restored with gentamicintreatment. These results suggest that pharmacological suppression ofnonsense mutations by aminoglycosides or functionally similarpharmaceuticals may have therapeutic potential in LINCL (Sleat et. al.,Eur. J. Ped. Neurol. 5:Suppl A 57-62 (2001)).

In cultured cells having premature stop codons in the Cystic FibrosisTransmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, treatment withaminoglycosides led to the production of full length CFTR (Bedwell et.al., Nat. Med. 3:1280-1284 (1997); Howard et. al. Nat. Med. 2: 467-469(1996)). In mouse models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, gentamicinsulfate was observed to suppress translational termination at prematurestop codons resulting in full length dystrophin (Barton-Davis et. al.,J. Clin. Invest. 104:375-381 (1999)). A small increase in the amount offull length dystrophin provided protection against contraction-induceddamage in the mdx mice. The amino acid inserted at the site of thenonsense codon was not determined in these studies.

Small molecule therapeutics or prophylactics that suppress prematuretranslation termination by mediating the misreading of the nonsensecodon would be useful for the treatment of a number of diseases. Thediscovery of small molecule drugs, particularly orally bioavailabledrugs, can lead to the introduction of a broad spectrum of selectivetherapeutics or prophylactics to the public which can be used againstdisease caused by nonsense mutations is just beginning.

Citation of any reference in Section 2 of this application is not anadmission that the reference is prior art to the application.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based in part on the discovery of smallmolecules that modulate premature translation termination andnonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The present invention encompassescompounds of formula I, compositions comprising compounds of formula I,and methods of use thereof. Compounds of formula I have the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, clathrate, polymorph,prodrug or stereoisomer thereof wherein:

X is C(═O), C(═S), S, S(═O) or S(O)₂;

Y is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo;

R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl;

n is an integer ranging from 0-4;

R₁ and R₂ are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted orunsubstituted alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—W, carboxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl,alkyloxyalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, arylalkyl, sulfonyl, amide or R₁ and R₂together with the atoms to which they are attached form an optionallysubstituted 5-7 membered heterocyclic, an optionally substituted 5-7membered heteroaryl ring or R₁ and R₂ together form:

W is at each occurrence independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy,alkoxy, carboxy, aldehyde, NH₂, NR¹⁴R^(14′), nitro, cycloalkyl,heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl;

where (i) each occurrence of R¹⁴ and R^(14′) is independently selectedfrom hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl or CF₃; or (ii) R¹⁴ and R^(14′), together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, join to form an optionallysubstituted heterocyclic ring containing from 5 to 8 ring atoms of whichfrom 1 to 3 are heteroatoms;

m is an integer ranging from 1-4;

R₃—R₆ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,heteroaryloxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, amide, haloalkyl (e.g.,CF₃), haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF₃ or OCHF₂), OH, CN, COOH, COOR¹⁵, SO₂R¹⁵,NO₂, NH₂, or NR¹⁴R^(14′) and R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substitutedor unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl,substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl or CF₃.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I, wherein Y ishydrogen, alkyl, amino, nitro or selected from the group:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate,racemate or stereoisomer thereof, wherein:

Q is at each occurrence independently C or N, optionally substitutedwith R₇—R₁₁ where appropriate;

Z is at each occurrence independently C, N, O or S, optionallysubstituted with R₇—R₁₁ where appropriate;

R₇—R₁₃ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,heteroaryloxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, amide, haloalkyl (e.g.,CF₃), haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF₃ or OCHF₂), OH, CN, COOH, COOR¹⁵, SO₂R¹⁵,NO₂, NH₂, or NR¹⁴R^(14′) wherein R¹⁴, R^(14′) and R¹⁵ are as describeabove.

The invention encompasses methods for modulating premature translationtermination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. The invention furtherencompasses a method for suppressing premature translation terminationand/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in a cell comprising contacting acell exhibiting premature translation termination and/ornonsense-mediated mRNA decay with an effective amount of a compound ofthe invention, e.g., formula I. The invention further encompasses amethod for inducing nonsense suppression in a cell comprising contactinga cell exhibiting a nonsense mutation with an effective amount of acompound of the invention, e.g., formula I. A nonsense codon can bepresent in the DNA or RNA of any type of cell and can arise naturally orresult from mutagenesis. Accordingly, cells encompassed by the presentmethods include animal cells, mammalian cells, bacterial cells, plantcells and virally infected cells. In one embodiment, the nonsense codonwas present in the progenitor DNA. In another embodiment, the nonsensecodon resulted from mutagenesis.

Without being limited by any theory, the ability of the compounds of theinvention to promote readthrough of stop codons makes them useful in thetreatment or prevention of any disease which is caused in whole or inpart by a nonsense mutation. Such diseases can occur due to thedecreased amount of active protein produced as a result of prematuretermination of translation. Without being limited by any theory, thecompounds of the invention allow the translation of mRNA to continuepast the nonsense mutation resulting in the production of full lengthprotein. A powerful aspect of the invention is that the therapeuticactivity of compounds of the invention are not necessarily diseasespecific, instead are effective at treating of preventing any diseaseassociated with a nonsense mutation. Further, these methods may bepatient specific, that is a patient can be screened to determine iftheir disease is associated with a non-sense mutation. If so, they canthen be treated with a compound of the invention.

The compounds of the invention are useful for treating or preventing anumber of diseases, such as genetic diseases and non-genetic diseases.Diseases that can be treated or prevented by compounds of the inventioninclude, but are not limited to, cancer, an autoimmune disease, a blooddisease, a collagen disease, diabetes, a neurodegenerative disease, acardiovascular disease, a pulmonary disease, an inflammatory disease,lysosomal storage disease, tuberous sclerosis or central nervous systemdisease.

3.1 Definitions

As used herein, “premature translation termination” refers to the resultof a mutation that changes a codon corresponding to an amino acid to astop codon.

As used herein, “nonsense-mediated mRNA decay” refers to any mechanismthat mediates the decay of mRNAs containing a premature translationtermination codon.

As used herein, a “premature termination codon” or “premature stopcodon” refers to the occurrence of a stop codon wherein a codoncorresponding to an amino acid should be.

As used herein, a “nonsense mutation” is a point mutation changing acodon corresponding to an amino acid to a stop codon.

As used herein, “nonsense suppression” refers to the inhibition orsuppression of premature translation and/or nonsense-mediated mRNAdecay.

As used herein, “modulation of premature translation termination and/ornonsense-mediated mRNA decay” refers to the regulation of geneexpression by altering the level of nonsense suppression. For example,if it is desirable to increase production of a defective protein encodedby a gene with a premature stop codon, i.e., to permit readthrough ofthe premature stop codon of the disease gene so translation of the genecan occur, then modulation of premature translation termination and/ornonsense-mediated mRNA decay entails up-regulation of nonsensesuppression. Conversely, if it is desirable to promote the degradationof an mRNA with a premature stop codon, then modulation of prematuretranslation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decays entailsdown-regulation of nonsense suppression.

As used herein, the term “disease” means a condition in the patient.

As used herein, the term “patient” means an animal (e.g., cow, horse,sheep, pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, guineapig, etc.), preferably a mammal such as a non-primate and a primate(e.g., monkey and human), most preferably a human. In certainembodiments, the patient is an infant, child, adolescent or adult. Inone embodiment, it has been determined through pre-screening that thepatient possesses a non-sense mutation. In another embodiment, it hasbeen determined through pre-screening which non-sense mutation thepatient has (i.e., UAA, UGA, or UAG). In another embodiment, the patientis infected with bacterial cells (e.g., Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Inanother embodiment, the cells of the patient are virally infected.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the term “substituted” meansa group substituted by one to four or more substituents, such as, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aroyl, halo, haloalkyl (e.g.,trifluoromethyl), haloalkoxy (e.g., trifluoromethoxy), hydroxy, alkoxy,cycloalkyloxy, heterocylooxy, oxo, alkanoyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl,heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heterocyclo, aryloxy,alkanoyloxy, amino, alkylamino, arylamino, arylalkylamino,cycloalkylamino, heterocycloamino, mono- and di-substituted amino (inwhich the two substituents on the amino group are selected from alkyl,aryl or arylalkyl), alkanoylamino, aroylamino, aralkanoylamino,substituted alkanoylamino, substituted arylamino, substitutedaralkanoylamino, thiol, alkylthio, arylthio, arylalkylthio,cycloalkylthio, heterocyclothio, alkylthiono, arylthiono,arylalkylthiono, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl,sulfonamido (e.g., SO₂NH₂), substituted sulfonamido, nitro, cyano,carboxy, carbamyl (e.g., CONH₂), substituted carbamyl (e.g., CONH-alkyl,CONH-aryl, CONH-arylalkyl or instances where there are two substituentson the nitrogen selected from alkyl or arylalkyl), alkoxycarbonyl, aryl,substituted aryl, guanidino, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl (such as,indolyl, imidazolyl, furyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, pyrrolidyl, pyridyl,pyrimidyl and the like). In one embodiment, the substituent is—O-alkyl-C(═O)-heterocyclo (substituted or unsubstituted), wherein alkyland heterocyclo are defined above. Wherein, as noted above, thesubstituents themselves are further substituted, such furthersubstituents are selected from the group consisting of halogen, alkyl,alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclo, cycloalkyl, and arylalkyl.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified, the term “alkyl” means asaturated straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably 1-10 carbon atoms and most preferably1-4 carbon atoms. Representative saturated straight chain alkyls include-methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, -n-hexyl, -n-heptyl,-n-octyl, -n-nonyl and -n-decyl; while saturated branched alkyls include-isopropyl, -sec-butyl, -isobutyl, -tert-butyl, -isopentyl,2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl,4-methylpentyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 4-methylhexyl,5-methylhexyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylpentyl,2,4-dimethylpentyl, 2,3-dimethylhexyl, 2,4-dimethylhexyl,2,5-dimethylhexyl, 2,2-dimethylpentyl, 2,2-dimethylhexyl,3,3-dimethylpentyl, 3,3-dimethylhexyl, 4,4-dimethylhexyl, 2-ethylpentyl,3-ethylpentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 3-ethylhexyl, 4-ethylhexyl,2-methyl-2-ethylpentyl, 2-methyl-3-ethylpentyl, 2-methyl-4-ethylpentyl,2-methyl-2-ethylhexyl, 2-methyl-3-ethylhexyl, 2-methyl-4-ethylhexyl,2,2-dimethylpentyl, 3,3-diethylhexyl, 2,2-diethylhexyl, 3,3-diethylhexyland the like. An alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted.Unsaturated alkyl groups include alkenyl groups and alkynyl groups,which are discussed below.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkenyl group”means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2-10 carbon atoms, most preferably2-6 carbon atoms, and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond.Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₁₀)alkenyls include-vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyl, -isobutylenyl, -1-pentenyl,-2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-1-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl,-2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, -1-hexenyl, -2-hexenyl, -3-hexenyl,-1-heptenyl, -2-heptenyl, -3-heptenyl, -1-octenyl, -2-octenyl,-3-octenyl, -1-nonenyl, -2-nonenyl, -3-nonenyl, -1-decenyl, -2-decenyl,-3-decenyl and the like. The double bond of an alkenyl group can beunconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group. An alkenylgroup can be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkynyl group”means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably 2-10 carbon atoms, most preferably2-6 carbon atoms, and including at lease one carbon-carbon triple bond.Representative straight chain and branched —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyls include-acetylenyl, -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl, -1-pentynyl,-2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-1-butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl,-5-hexynyl, -1-heptynyl, -2-heptynyl, -6-heptynyl, -1-octynyl,-2-octynyl, -7-octynyl, -1-nonynyl, -2-nonynyl, -8-nonynyl, -1-decynyl,-2-decynyl, -9-decynyl, and the like. The triple bond of an alkynylgroup can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group. Analkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “halogen”or “halo”means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “haloalkyl” means-alkyl substituted with one or more halogens, wherein alkyl and halogenare defined as above, including —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CCl₃, —CHCl₂,—CBr₃, —CHBr₂, —CH₂CF₃, —CH₂CHF₂, —CH₂CH₂F, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkyl sulfonyl”means —SO₂-alkyl, wherein alkyl is defined as above, including —SO₂—CH₃,—SO₂—CH₂CH₃, —SO₂—(CH₂)₂CH₃, —SO₂—(CH₂)₃CH₃, —SO₂—(CH₂)₄CH₃,—SO₂—(CH₂)₅CH₃, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “sulfonyl alkyl”means -alkyl-SO₃H, wherein alkyl is defined as above, including—CH₃—SO₃H, —CH₂CH₂—SO₃H, —(CH₂)₃—SO₃H, —(CH₂)₄—SO₃H, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “carboxyl” and“carboxy” mean —COOH or a salt thereof (e.g., —COO⁻Na⁺).

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkoxy” means—O-(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above, including —OCH₃, —OCH₂CH₃,—O(CH₂)₂CH₃, —O(CH₂)₃CH₃, —O(CH₂)₄CH₃, —O(CH₂)₅CH₃, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “haloalkoxy” means-alkoxy substituted with one or more halogens, wherein alkoxy andhalogen are defined as above, including —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, —OCCl₃,—OCHCl₂, —OCBr₃, —OCHBr₂, —OCH₂CF₃, —OCH₂CHF₂, —OCH₂CH₂F, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkoxycarbonyl”means —C(═O)O-(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above, including—C(═O)O—CH₃, —C(═O)O—CH₂CH₃, —C(═O)O—(CH₂)₂CH₃, —C(═O)O—(CH₂)₃CH₃,—C(═O)O—(CH₂)₄CH₃, —C(═O)O—(CH₂)₅CH₃, and the like. In a preferredembodiment, the esters are biohydrolyzable (i.e., the ester ishydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid in vitro or in vivo).

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkylcarbonyl”means —C(═O)=(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above, including—C(═O)—CH₃, —C(═O)—CH₂CH₃, —C(═O)—(CH₂)₂CH₃, —C(═O)—(CH₂)₃CH₃,—C(═O)—(CH₂)₄CH₃, —C(═O)—(CH₂)₅CH₃, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “carboxyalkyl” means-(alkyl)-carboxy, wherein alkyl and carboxy are defined above, including—CH₂—COOH, —(CH₂)₂—COOH, —(CH₂)₃—COOH, —(CH₂)₄—COOH, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkoxyalkyl” means-(alkyl)-O-(alkyl), wherein each “alkyl” is independently an alkyl groupas defined above, including —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —(CH₂)₂OCH₂CH₃,—(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂CH₃, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “aryl” means acarbocyclic aromatic ring containing from 5 to 14 ring atoms. The ringatoms of a carbocyclic aryl group are all carbon atoms. Aryl ringstructures include compounds having one or more ring structures such asmono-, bi-, or tricylcic compounds as well as benzo-fused carbocyclicmoieties such as 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl and the like. Preferably,the aryl group is a monocyclic ring or bicyclic ring. Representativearyl groups include phenyl, tolyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl,azulenyl, phenanthrenyl and naphthyl. A carbocyclic aryl group can beunsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “heteroaryl” means acarbocyclic aromatic ring containing from 5 to 14 ring atoms and thering atoms contain at least one heteroatom, preferably 1 to 3heteroatoms, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.Heteroaryl ring structures include compounds having one or more ringstructures such as mono-, bi-, or tricyclic compounds as well as fusedheterocyclic moities. Representative heteroaryls are triazolyl,tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, furyl, benzofuranyl, thiophenyl,thiazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzoisothiazolyl,quinolinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazolyl,benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl,isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl,cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, benzoquinazolinyl, acridinyl,pyrimidyl, oxazolyl, benzo[1,3]dioxole and2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxine. A group can be unsubstituted orsubstituted.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “aryloxy” means—O-aryl group, wherein aryl is as defined above, including, but notlimited to —O-phenyl, —O-tolyl, —O-anthracenyl, —O-fluorenyl,—O-indenyl, —O-azulenyl, —O-phenanthrenyl and —O-naphthyl. An aryloxygroup can be unsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “arylalkyl” means-(alkyl)-(aryl), wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above, including,but not limited to —(CH₂)phenyl, —(CH₂)₂phenyl, —(CH₂)₃phenyl,—CH(phenyl)₂, —CH(phenyl)₃, —(CH₂)tolyl, —(CH₂)anthracenyl,—(CH₂)fluorenyl, —(CH₂)indenyl, —(CH₂)azulenyl, —(CH₂)naphthyl, and thelike.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkylaryl” means-(aryl)-(alkyl), wherein aryl and aryl are defined above, including, butnot limited to -phenyl-(CH₃)₅, phenyl-(CH₃)₄, phenyl-(CH₃)₃,phenyl-(CH₃)₂, phenyl-(CH₃), -phenyl-(CH₂CH₃)₅, phenyl-(CH₂CH₃)₄,phenyl-(CH₂CH₃)₃, phenyl-(CH₂CH₃)₂, phenyl-(CH₂CH₃), 2-methyl-phenyl,3-methyl-phenyl, 4-methyl-phenyl, 5-methyl-phenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl,2,4-dimethyl-phenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl, 3,4-dimethyl-phenyl,3,5-dimethyl-phenyl, 2-ethyl-phenyl, 3-ethyl-phenyl, 4-ethyl-phenyl,5-ethyl-phenyl, 2-isopropyl-phenyl, 3-isopropyl-phenyl,4-isopropyl-phenyl, 5-isopropyl-phenyl, 4-isopropyl-3-methyl-phenyl,3-isopropyl-5-methyl-phenyl and the like, where each alkyl group can befurther substituted.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “heteroarylalkyl”means -(alkyl)-(heteroaryl), wherein alkyl and heteroaryl are definedabove, including, but not limited to, —(CH₂)pyridyl, —(CH₂)₂ pyridyl,—(CH₂)₃ pyridyl, —CH(pyridyl)₂, —C(pyridyl)₃, —(CH₂)triazolyl,—(CH₂)thiazolyl, —(CH₂)tetrazolyl, —(CH₂)oxadiazolyl, —(CH₂)furyl,—(CH₂)benzofuranyl, —(CH₂)thiophenyl, —(CH₂)benzothiophenyl, and thelike.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkylheteroaryl”means -(heteroaryl)-(alkyl), wherein heteroaryl and alkyl are definedabove, including, but not limited to, -pyridyl-(CH₃), -triazolyl-(CH₃),-thiazolyl-(CH₃), -tetrazolyl-(CH₃), -oxadiazolyl-(CH₃), -furyl-(CH₃),-benzofuranyl-(CH₃), -thiophenyl-(CH₃), -benzothiophenyl-(CH₃), and thelike wherein each alkyl group can be further substituted.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “arylalkyloxy” means—O-(alkyl)-(aryl), wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above, including,but not limited to —O-(CH₂)₂phenyl, —O-(CH₂)₃phenyl, —O—CH(phenyl)₂,—O—CH(phenyl)₃, —O—(CH₂)tolyl, —O—(CH₂)anthracenyl, —O—(CH₂)fluorenyl,—O—(CH₂)indenyl, —O—(CH₂)azulenyl, —O—(CH₂)naphthyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “cycloalkyl” means amonocyclic or polycyclic saturated ring comprising carbon and hydrogenatoms and having no carbon-carbon multiple bonds. A cycloalkyl group canbe unsubstituted or substituted. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include,but are not limited to, (C₃-C₇)cycloalkyl groups, including cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl, and saturatedcyclic and bicyclic terpenes. A cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted orsubstituted. Preferably, the cycloalkyl group is a monocyclic ring orbicyclic ring.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the terms “heterocyclyl” and“heterocyclo” mean a monocyclic or polycyclic ring comprising carbon andhydrogen atoms, optionally having 1 or 2 multiple bonds, and the ringatoms contain at least one heteroatom, preferably 1 to 3 heteroatoms,independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Heterocyclylring structures include, but are not limited to compounds having one ormore ring structures such as mono-, bi-, or trycylic compounds.Preferably, the heterocyclyl group is a monocyclic ring or bicyclicring. Representative heterocycles include morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl,pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl,oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydroprimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl ortetrahydrothiopyranyl and the like. A heterocyclyl ring can beunsubstituted or substituted.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “cycloalkyloxy”means —O-(cycloalkyl), wherein cycloalkyl is defined above, including—O-cyclopropyl, —O-cyclobutyl, —O-cyclopentyl, —O-cyclohexyl,—O-cycloheptyl and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “cycloalkylalkyl”means -(alkyl)-(cycloalkyl), wherein cycloalkyl and alkyl are definedabove, including, but not limited to —CH₂-cyclopropyl, —CH₂-cyclobutyl,—CH₂-cyclopentyl, —(CH₂)₂-cyclohexyl, —(CH₂)₃-cyclohexyl,—(CH₂)₄-cyclohexyl, —CH₂-cycloheptyl and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “heterocycloalkyl”means -(alkyl)-(heterocyclo), wherein heterocyclo and alkyl are definedabove, including, but not limited to —CH₂-morpholinyl,—CH₂-pyrrolidinonyl, —CH₂-pyrrolidinyl, —(CH₂)₂-piperidinyl,—(CH₂)₃-piperidinyl, —(CH₂)₄-piperidinyl, —CH₂-hydantoinyl and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “cycloalkylalkyloxy”means —O-(alkyl)-(cycloalkyl), wherein cycloalkyl and alkyl are definedabove, including, but not limited to —O—CH₂-cyclopropyl,—O—CH₂-cyclobutyl, —O—CH₂-cyclopentyl, —O—(CH₂)₂-cyclohexyl,—O—(CH₂)₃-cyclohexyl, —O—(CH₂)₄-cyclohexyl, —O—CH₂-cycloheptyl and thelike.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term“heterocycloalkyloxy” means —O-(alkyl)-(heterocyclo), whereinheterocyclo and alkyl are defined above, including, but not limited to—O—CH₂-morpholinyl, —O—CH₂-pyrrolidinonyl, —O—CH₂-pyrrolidinyl,—O—(CH₂)₂-piperidinyl, —O—(CH₂)₃-piperidinyl, —O—(CH₂)₄-piperidinyl,—O—CH₂-hydantoinyl and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “aminoalkoxy” means—O-(alkyl)-NH₂, wherein alkyl is defined above, including, but notlimited to —O—CH₂—NH₂, —O—(CH₂)₂—NH₂, —O—(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —O—(CH₂)₄—NH₂,—O—(CH₂)₅—NH₂, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkylamino” means—NH(alkyl) or —N(alkyl)(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above,including, but not limited to NHCH₃, —NHCH₂CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₂CH₃,—NH(CH₂)₃CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₄CH₃, —NH(CH₂)₅CH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —N(CH₂CH₃)₂,—N((CH₂)₂CH₃)₂, —N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃), and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “arylamino” means—NH(aryl), wherein aryl is defined above, including, but not limited to—NH(phenyl), —NH(tolyl), —NH(anthracenyl), —NH(fluorenyl), —NH(indenyl),—NH(azulenyl), —NH(pyridinyl), —NH(naphthyl), and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “arylalkylamino”means —NH-(alkyl)-(aryl), wherein alkyl and aryl are defined above,including, but not limited to —NH—CH₂-(phenyl), —NH—CH₂-(tolyl),—NH—CH₂-(anthracenyl), —NH—CH₂-(fluorenyl), —NH—CH₂-(indenyl),—NH—CH₂-(azulenyl), —NH—CH₂-(pyridinyl), —NH—CH₂-(naphthyl),—NH—(CH₂)₂-(phenyl) and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “cycloalkylamino”means —NH-(cycloalkyl), wherein cycloalkyl is defined above, including,but not limited to —NH-cyclopropyl, —NH-cyclobutyl, —NH-cyclopentyl,—NH-cyclohexyl, —NH-cycloheptyl, and the like.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “aminoalkyl” means-(alkyl)-NH₂, wherein alkyl is defined above, including, but not limitedto —CH₂—NH₂, —(CH₂)₂—NH₂, —(CH₂)₃—NH₂, —(CH₂)₄—NH₂, —(CH₂)₅—NH₂ and thelike.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the term “alkylaminoalkyl”means -(alkyl)-NH(alkyl) or -(alkyl)-N(alkyl)(alkyl), wherein each“alkyl” is independently an alkyl group defined above, including, butnot limited to —CH₂—NH—CH₃, —CH₂—NHCH₂CH₃, —CH₂—NH(CH₂)₂CH₃,—CH₂—NH(CH₂)₃CH₃, —CH₂—NH(CH₂)₄CH₃, —CH₂—NH(CH₂)₅CH₃, —(CH₂)₂—NH—CH₃,—CH₂—N(CH₃)₂, —CH₂—N(CH₂CH₃)₂, —CH₂—N((CH₂)₂CH₃)₂, —CH₂—N(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃),—(CH₂)₂—N(CH₃)₂, and the like.

As used herein, a “therapeutically effective amount” refers to thatamount of the compound of the invention or other active ingredientsufficient to provide a therapeutic benefit in the treatment ormanagement of the disease or to delay or minimize symptoms associatedwith the disease. Further, a therapeutically effective amount withrespect to a compound of the invention means that amount of therapeuticagent alone, or in combination with other therapies, that provides atherapeutic benefit in the treatment or management of the disease. Usedin connection with an amount of a compound of the invention, the termcan encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoidssymptoms or causes of disease, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy ofor synergies with another therapeutic agent.

As used herein, a “prophylactically effective amount” refers to thatamount of a compound of the invention or other active ingredientsufficient to result in the prevention, recurrence or spread of thedisease. A prophylactically effective amount may refer to the amountsufficient to prevent initial disease, the recurrence or spread of thedisease or the occurrence of the disease in a patient, including but notlimited to those predisposed to the disease. A prophylacticallyeffective amount may also refer to the amount that provides aprophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease. Further, aprophylactically effective amount with respect to a compound of theinvention means that amount alone, or in combination with other agents,that provides a prophylactic benefit in the prevention of the disease.Used in connection with an amount of a compound of the invention, theterm can encompass an amount that improves overall prophylaxis orenhances the prophylactic efficacy of or synergies with anotherprophylactic agent.

As used herein, a “therapeutic protocol” refers to a regimen of timingand dosing of one or more therapeutic agents.

As used herein, a “prophylactic protocol” refers to a regimen of timingand dosing of one or more prophylactic agents.

A used herein, a “protocol” includes dosing schedules and dosingregimens.

As used herein, “in combination” refers to the use of more than oneprophylactic and/or therapeutic agents.

As used herein, the terms “manage”, “managing” and “management” refer tothe beneficial effects that a subject derives from a prophylactic ortherapeutic agent, which does not result in a cure of the disease. Incertain embodiments, a subject is administered one or more prophylacticor therapeutic agents to “manage” a disease so as to prevent theprogression or worsening of the disease.

As used herein, the terms “prevent”, “preventing” and “prevention” referto the prevention of the onset, recurrence or spread of the disease in asubject resulting from the administration of a prophylactic ortherapeutic agent.

As used herein, the terms “treat”, “treating” and “treatment” refer tothe eradication or amelioration of the disease or symptoms associatedwith the disease. In certain embodiments, such terms refer to minimizingthe spread or worsening of the disease resulting from the administrationof one or more prophylactic or therapeutic agents to a subject with sucha disease.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer tosalts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or basesincluding inorganic acids and bases and organic acids and bases.Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts for thecompound of the present invention include, but are not limited tometallic salts made from aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium,potassium, sodium and zinc or organic salts made from lysine,N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine,ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine. Suitablenon-toxic acids include, but are not limited to, inorganic and organicacids such as acetic, alginic, anthranilic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic,camphorsulfonic, citric, ethenesulfonic, formic, fumaric, furoic,galacturonic, gluconic, glucuronic, glutamic, glycolic, hydrobromic,hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic,methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic,phosphoric, propionic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic,sulfuric, tartaric acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Specific non-toxicacids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, phosphoric, sulfuric, andmethanesulfonic acids. Examples of specific salts thus includehydrochloride and mesylate salts. Others are well-known in the art, seefor example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) eds., MackPublishing, Easton Pa. (1990) or Remington: The Science and Practice ofPharmacy, 19^(th) eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1995).

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “polymorph”refers to solid crystalline forms of a compound of the present inventionor complex thereof. Different polymorphs of the same compound canexhibit different physical, chemical and/or spectroscopic properties.Different physical properties include, but are not limited to stability(e.g., to heat or light), compressibility and density (important informulation and product manufacturing), and dissolution rates (which canaffect bioavailability). Differences in stability can result fromchanges in chemical reactivity (e.g., differential oxidation, such thata dosage form discolors more rapidly when comprised of one polymorphthan when comprised of another polymorph) or mechanical characteristics(e.g., tablets crumble on storage as a kinetically favored polymorphconverts to thermodynamically more stable polymorph) or both (e.g.,tablets of one polymorph are more susceptible to breakdown at highhumidity). Different physical properties of polymorphs can affect theirprocessing. For example, one polymorph might be more likely to formsolvates or might be more difficult to filter or wash free of impuritiesthan another due to, for example, the shape or size distribution ofparticles of it.

As used herein, the term “hydrate” means a compound of the presentinvention or a salt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric ornon-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecularforces.

As used herein, he term “clathrate” means a compound of the presentinvention or a salt thereof in the form of a crystal lattice thatcontains spaces (e.g., channels) that have a guest molecule (e.g., asolvent or water) trapped within.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “prodrug” meansa derivative of a compound that can hydrolyze, oxidize, or otherwisereact under biological conditions (in vitro or in vivo) to provide anactive compound, particularly a compound of the invention. Examples ofprodrugs include, but are not limited to, derivatives and metabolites ofa compound of the invention that include biohydrolyzable moieties suchas biohydrolyzable amides, biohydrolyzable esters, biohydrolyzablecarbamates, biohydrolyzable carbonates, biohydrolyzable ureides, andbiohydrolyzable phosphate analogues. Preferably, prodrugs of compoundswith carboxyl functional groups are the lower alkyl esters of thecarboxylic acid. The carboxylate esters are conveniently formed byesterifying any of the carboxylic acid moieties present on the molecule.Prodrugs can typically be prepared using well-known methods, such asthose described by Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery6^(th) ed. (Donald J. Abraham ed., 2001, Wiley) and Design andApplication of Prodrugs (H. Bundgaard ed., 1985, Harwood AcademicPublishers Gmfh).

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the terms“biohydrolyzable amide,” “biohydrolyzable ester,” “biohydrolyzablecarbamate,” “biohydrolyzable carbonate,” “biohydrolyzable ureido,”“biohydrolyzable phosphate” mean an amide, ester, carbamate, carbonate,ureido, or phosphate, respectively, of a compound that either: 1) doesnot interfere with the biological activity of the compound but canconfer upon that compound advantageous properties in vivo, such asuptake, duration of action, or onset of action; or 2) is biologicallyinactive but is converted in vivo to the biologically active compound.Examples of biohydrolyzable esters include, but are not limited to,lower alkyl esters, alkoxyacyloxy esters, alkyl acylamino alkyl esters,and choline esters. Examples of biohydrolyzable amides include, but arenot limited to, lower alkyl amides, α-amino acid amides, alkoxyacylamides, and alkylaminoalkylcarbonyl amides. Examples of biohydrolyzablecarbamates include, but are not limited to, lower alkylamines,substituted ethylenediamines, aminoacids, hydroxyalkylamines,heterocyclic and heteroaromatic amines, and polyether amines.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term “optically pure”or “stereomerically pure” means one stereoisomer of a compound issubstantially free of other stereoisomers of that compound. For example,a stereomerically pure compound having one chiral center will besubstantially free of the opposite enantiomer of the compound. Astereomerically pure a compound having two chiral centers will besubstantially free of other diastereomers of the compound. A typicalstereomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80% by weightof one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 20% by weight ofother stereoisomers of the compound, more preferably greater than about90% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about10% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, even morepreferably greater than about 95% by weight of one stereoisomer of thecompound and less than about 5% by weight of the other stereoisomers ofthe compound, and most preferably greater than about 97% by weight ofone stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 3% by weight of theother stereoisomers of the compound.

As used herein and unless otherwise indicated, the term“enantiomerically pure” means a stereomerically pure composition of acompound having one chiral center.

It should be noted that if there is a discrepancy between a depictedstructure and a name given that structure, the depicted structurecontrols. In addition, if the stereochemistry of a structure or aportion of a structure is not indicated with, for example, bold ordashed lines, the structure or portion of the structure is to beinterpreted as encompassing all stereoisomers of it.

4.1 Compounds of the Invention

As stated above, the present invention encompasses compounds of formulaI below, compositions comprising compounds of formula I, and methods ofusing these compounds and compositions.

Compounds of formula I have the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, clathrate, polymorph,prodrug or stereoisomer thereof wherein:

X is C(═O), C(═S), S, S(═O) or S(O)₂;

Y is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo;

R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroarylalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl;

n is an integer ranging from 0-4;

R₁ and R₂ are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted orunsubstituted alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—W, carboxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl,alkyloxyalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, arylalkyl, sulfonyl, amide or R₁ and R₂together with the atoms to which they are attached form an optionallysubstituted 5-7 membered heterocyclic, an optionally substituted 5-7membered heteroaryl ring or R₁ and R₂ together form:

W is at each occurrence independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy,alkoxy, carboxy, aldehyde, NH₂, NR¹⁴R^(14′), nitro, cycloalkyl,heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl;

where (i) each occurrence of R¹⁴ and R^(14′) is independently selectedfrom hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl or CF₃; or (ii) R¹⁴ and R^(14′), together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, join to form an optionallysubstituted heterocyclic ring containing from 5 to 8 ring atoms of whichfrom 1 to 3 are heteroatoms;

m is an integer ranging from 1-4;

R₃—R₆ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,heteroaryloxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, amide, haloalkyl (e.g.,CF₃), haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF₃ or OCHF₂), OH, CN, COOH, COOR¹⁵, SO₂R¹⁵,NO₂, NH₂, or NR¹⁴R^(14′) and R¹⁵ is selected from hydrogen, substitutedor unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl,substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl or CF₃.

In a preferred embodiment, R is group that is biohydrolyzable. In a morepreferred embodiment R is H.

In another preferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ together form:

In another preferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ together form —CH₂—CH₂—.

In another preferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ together with the atoms towhich they are attached form a substituted 5-membered heterocyclic ring,wherein the heterocyclic ring is substituted with a gem dimethyl group.

In another preferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ together with the atoms towhich they are attached form a 6-membered heterocyclic ring.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I, wherein Y ishydrogen, alkyl, amino, nitro or selected from the group:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, clathrate, polymorph,prodrug or stereoisomer thereof wherein:

Q is at each occurrence independently C or N, optionally substitutedwith R₇—R₁₁ where appropriate;

Z is at each occurrence independently C, N, O or S, optionallysubstituted with R₇—R₁₁ where appropriate;

R₇—R₁₃ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, substituted orunsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substitutedor unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstitutedaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted orunsubstituted arylalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy,heteroaryloxy, cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, amide, haloalkyl (e.g.,CF₃), haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF₃ or OCHF₂), OH, CN, COOH, COOR¹⁵, SO₂R¹⁵,NO₂, NH₂, or NR¹⁴R^(14′) wherein R¹⁴, R^(14′) and R¹⁵ are as describedabove.

In a preferred embodiment, 1 to 3 of Q are N and the rest are C. Inanother preferred embodiment, 1 to 3 of Z are N, O or S and the rest areC.

In another preferred embodiment, R₉ is alkyl, preferably substitutedalkyl and most preferably isopropyl.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I, wherein Y isselected from the group:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, clathrate, polymorph,prodrug or stereoisomer thereof wherein:

Q is at each occurrence independently C or N, optionally substitutedwith R₇—R₁₁ where appropriate;

Z is at each occurrence independently C, N, O or S, optionallysubstituted with R₇—R₁₁ where appropriate;

In a preferred embodiment, R₉ is alkyl, preferably substituted alkyl andmost preferably isopropyl.

In one embodiment, Y is

wherein R₇ and R₁₁ are hydrogen and R₈—R₁₀ are independently hydrogen,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl; substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylalkyl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy,cycloalkoxy, heterocycloalkyloxy, amide, halogen, CF₃, OCF₃, OCHF₂, OH,CN, COOH, COOR¹⁵, SO₂R¹⁵, NO₂, NH₂, or NR¹⁴R^(14′) where R¹⁴, R^(14′)and R¹⁵ are as described above; or R₉ and R₁₀ taken together form anoptionally substituted saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ringcontaining from 5 to 8 ring atoms of which from 1 to 3 are heteroatoms.In a particular embodiment, R₉ and R₁₀ taken together form a substitutedor unsubstituted dioxolane or dioxane ring fused to benzene.

In a preferred embodiment, only one of R₇—R₁₁ is other than hydrogen,preferably the substituent other than hydrogen is a meta or parasubstituent, more preferably halogen, most preferably fluorine. Inanother preferred embodiment, two of R₇—R₁₁ are other than hydrogen,wherein both are meta substituted, or one is meta substituted and theother is para substituted. Preferably, R₈—R₁₀ are independentlyhydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted alkoxy, wherein R₈—R₁₀ are preferably substituted withhalogen, more preferably substituted with fluorine.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I include compounds ofthe formula:

wherein Y is preferably substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo orsubstituted or unsubstituted cyclohexyl. In yet another preferredembodiment wherein the compounds is one of formula II, R is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula II is thatwherein R₃—R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are H and R₉ is substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, aryloxy, cycloalkyl, alkoxy,halogen, haloalkoxy or alkoxycarbonyl.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula II is thatwherein R₃—R₆ and R₈—R₁₀ are H and one of R₇ or R₁₁ is halogen and theother is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula II is thatwherein R₃—R₇, R₉ and R₁₁ are H and one of R₈ or R₁₀ is halogen orhaloalkyl and the other is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula II is thatwherein R₃—R₇ and R₁₁ are H, R₉ is alkoxy and one of R₈ or R₁₀ is alkoxyand the other is H.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I include compounds ofthe formula:

wherein Y is preferably substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl. In yet another preferred embodiment whereinthe compounds is one of formula III, R is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula III is thatwherein R₃—R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are H and R₉ is alkyl, aryloxy oralkoxycarbonyl.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula III is thatwherein R₃—R₆ and R₈—R₁₀ are H and one of R₇ or R₁₁ is halogen and theother is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula III is thatwherein R₃—R₇, R₉ and R₁₁ are H and one of R₈ or R₁₀ is alkoxy and theother is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula III is thatwherein R₃—R₉ are H and R₁₀ and R₁₁ are halogen.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula III is thatwherein R₃—R₆ and R₉—R₁₁ are H and R₇ and R₈ are halogen.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I include compounds ofthe formula:

wherein Y is preferably substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl. In yet another preferred embodiment whereinthe compounds is one of formula IV, R is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula IV is thatwherein R₃—R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are H and R₉ is alkyl or halogen.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula IV is thatwherein R₃—R₆, R₈ and R₁₀ are H, R₉ is halogen, and one of R₇ or R₁₁ ishalogen and the other is H.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I include compounds ofthe formula:

wherein Y is preferably substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl. In yet another preferred embodiment whereinthe compounds is one of formula V, R is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula V is thatwherein R₃—R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are H and R₉ is alkyl or halogen.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula V is thatwherein R₃—R₆, R₈ and R₁₀ are H, R₉ is halogen, and one of R₇ or R₁₁ ishalogen and the other is H.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I include compounds ofthe formula:

wherein Y is preferably substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl. In yet another preferred embodiment whereinthe compounds is one of formula VI, R is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VI is thatwherein R₃—R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are H and R₉ is alkyl.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VI is apharmaceutically acceptable salt, e.g., a monosodium salt or disodiumsalt when R is H.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I include compounds ofthe formula:

wherein X is C(═O), C(═S) or S(O)₂ and Y is preferably substituted orunsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substitutedor unsubstituted heterocyclo and R₇—R₁₁ are each independently hydrogen,halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substitutedor unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,alkylamino, aminoalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, cycloalkoxy,heterocycloalkyloxy, amide, haloalkyl (e.g., CF₃), haloalkoxy (e.g.,OCF₃ or OCHF₂), OH, CN, COOH, COOR¹⁵, SO₂R¹⁵, NO₂, NH₂, or NR¹⁴R^(14′)where R¹⁴, R^(14′) and R¹⁵ are described above.

In preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is that wherein Ris H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein only one of R₇—R₁₁ is other than hydrogen and preferably is ameta or para substituent. In another preferred embodiment, the compoundof formula VII is that wherein two of R₇—R₁₁ are other than hydrogen andpreferably are both meta substituents or meta and para substituents.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃—R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are H and R₉ is substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl ort-butyl), halogen, haloalkyl (e.g., fluoro substituted alkyl), alkoxy,haloalkoxy (e.g., fluoro substituted alkoxy), substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclo (e.g., pyrrolidine or piperidine), substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrole), alkylamino (e.g.,dimethylamino) or —O-alkyl-C(═O)-heterocyclo (substituted orunsubstituted).

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃—R₇, R₉ and R₁₁ are H and R₈ and R₁₀ are halogen.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃—R₆, R₈, R₉ and R₁₁ are H and R₇ and R₁₀ are halogen.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃—R₆ and R₈—R₁₀ are H and one of R₇ or R₁₁ is halogen and theother is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃—R₇, R₉ and R₁₁ are H and one of R₈ or R₁₀ is alkyl or halogenand the other is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃—R₇ and R₁₁ are H, R₉ is halogen, one of R₈ or R₁₀ is halogen,haloalkyl or haloalkoxy and the other is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃—R₇ and R₁₁ are H, R₉ is alkyl, one of R₈ or R₁₀ is halogenand the other is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃—R₆, R₈ and R₁₀ are H, R₉ is halogen, one of R₇ or R₁₁ ishalogen and the other is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₃ is alkyl, alkoxy or halogen.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₅ is alkoxy or halogen.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₆ is halogen.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R₉ and R₁₀ form a substituted or unsubstituted dioxole ordioxine ring.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VII is thatwherein R is H.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula I include compounds ofthe formula:

wherein Y is preferably substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substitutedor unsubstituted heteroaryl. In yet another preferred embodiment whereinthe compounds is one of formula VIII, R is H.

In another preferred embodiment, the compound of formula VIII is thatwherein R₃—R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁ are H and R₉ is alkyl.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I-IV, VII andVIII wherein X is S, S(═O) or S(O)₂.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I-VIII wherein nis 0 or 1.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I-VIII wherein atleast one of R₃—R₆ is hydrogen.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I-VIII wherein atleast two of R₃—R₆ are hydrogen.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I-VIII wherein atleast three of R₃—R₆ are hydrogen.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula I-VIII whereinR₃—R₆ are hydrogen.

The invention is also directed to compounds having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, clathrate, polymorph,prodrug or stereoisomer thereof wherein:

X is C(═O), C(═S), S, S(═O) or S(O)₂;

Y is:

Q is at each occurrence independently C or N, optionally substitutedwith R₇—R₁₁ where appropriate;

Z is at each occurrence independently C, N, O or S, optionallysubstituted with R₇—R₁₁ where appropriate;

R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl;

n is an integer ranging from 0-4;

R₁ and R₂ are each independently hydrogen, substituted or unsubstitutedalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted orunsubstituted alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—W, carboxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyl,alkyloxyalkyl, alkyloxycarbonyl, arylalkyl, or R₁ and R₂ together withthe atoms to which they are attached form an optionally substituted 5-7membered heterocyclic, or heteroaryl ring or R₁ and R₂ together form:

W is at each occurrence independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy,alkoxy, carboxy, aldehyde, NH₂, NR¹⁴R^(14′), nitro, cycloalkyl,heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl;

where (i) each occurrence of R¹⁴ and R^(14′) is independently selectedfrom hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substitutedor unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedheterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted orunsubstituted heteroaryl or CF₃; or (ii) R¹⁴ and R^(14′), together withthe nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, join to form an optionallysubstituted heterocyclic ring containing from 5 to 8 ring atoms of whichfrom 1 to 3 are heteroatoms;

m is an integer ranging from 1-4;

R₇ is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl,substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted orunsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,cyano, nitro, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy,arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl,alkoxyalkoxy, or aminoalkoxy;

R₈ is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl,alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substitutedor unsubstituted heterocyclo, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy,alkylthio, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl,cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylaminoor aminoalkoxy;

R₉ is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkylcarboxy,carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy,cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy;

R₁₀ is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedalkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, alkylcarboxy,carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy,haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy,arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl,alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy;

R₁₁ is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedalkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, carbonyl,alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substitutedor unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,cyano, nitro, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy,arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl,alkoxyalkoxy, or aminoalkoxy;

R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₆ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy,substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstitutedalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl,alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substitutedor unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,cyano, nitro, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy,cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy;with the proviso that when Y is phenyl and R₁ and R₂ are both H, atleast one of R₇—R₁₁ is not hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula IX, when R is H:

R₈ is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substitutedor unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl,substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl,alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substitutedor unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy,cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy; and

R₁₀ is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstitutedalkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, alkylcarboxy,carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl,substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstitutedheteroaryl, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino,alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy,cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy.

In a preferred embodiment, R is H.

In another preferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ together form:

In another preferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ together form —CH₂—CH₂— andonly one of R₇—R₁₁ is other than hydrogen and preferably is a para ormeta substituent. In another preferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ togetherform —CH₂—CH₂— and only two of R₇—R₁₁ is other than hydrogen and arepreferably both meta substituents or meta and para substituents.

In another preferred embodiment, the compounds of formula IX includecompounds of the formula:

In a preferred embodiment, R is H. In another preferred embodiment, R₁and R₂ are hydrogen and X is C(═O). In another preferred embodiment, R₁and R₂ taken together are —C(═O)—CH— and X is C(═O). In anotherpreferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ together form —CH₂—CH₂— and only one ofR₇—R₁₁ is other than hydrogen and preferably is a para or metasubstituent. In another preferred embodiment, R₁ and R₂ together form—CH₂—CH₂— and only two of R₇—R₁₁ is other than hydrogen and arepreferably both meta substituents or meta and para substituents.

In another embodiment, the compounds of formula IX include compounds ofthe formula:

wherein R₁₇ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted orunsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substitutedor unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,alkylcarbonyl, alkylamino, alkylthio, alkylcarboxy or arylalkyl. In apreferred embodiment, R is H. In another preferred embodiment, R₇ andR₁₁ are hydrogen. In another preferred embodiment, R₇, R₈, R₁₀ and R₁₁are hydrogen. In another preferred embodiment, R₁₆ is substituted orsubstituted alkyl, preferably halo substituted alkyl, more preferablytri- or di-fluoro substituted alkyl, most preferably tri-or di-fluorosubstituted methyl.

Exemplary compounds of the present invention include those listed belowin Table 1:

TABLE 1 Melting Point (° C.) or Compound Compound Name [M + H]⁺Activity¹

3-[3-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid224-226° C. *** 1

3-(3-biphenyl-4-yl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acid >300° C.*** 2

3-[2,5-dioxo-3-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid254-257° C. ** 3

3-[3-carboxymethyl-3-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]-benzoic aciddisodiumsalt >350° C. *** 4

3-[3-(2-chloro-benzyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid170-171° C. *** 5

3-(3-cyclohexylmethyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acid [M + H]⁺=317.4 * 6

3-[6-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-1,1-dioxo-116-[1,2,6]-thiadiazinan-2-yl]-benzoicacid 200-202° C. * 7

3-[3-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]-benzoicacid 295° C. *** 8

3-[3-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-2,4-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid249-252° C. ** 9

3-[3-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-2,4-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid [M +H]⁺ =315.3 * 10

3-[3-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-2,4-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid [M +H]⁺ =327.4 * 11

3-[2,4-dioxo-3-(4-phenoxy-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid [M +H]⁺ =389.4 * 12

3-[2,5-dioxo-3-(tetrahydro-furan-2-ylmethyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid [M + H]⁺ =305.3 * 13

3-[3-(2-methoxy-benzyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid [M +H]⁺ =341.3 * 14

3-[5-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-1,1-dioxo-116-[1,2,5]-thiadiazolidin-2-yl]-benzoicacid 253-255° C. ** 15

3-[3-(4-benzyl-phenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid232-234° C. * 16

3-[3-(4-formyl-ethylester-phenyl)-2,4-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid [M + H]⁺ =369.4 * 17

3-[3-(3-bromo-phenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoic acid 268-270°C. * 18

3-[2,5-dioxo-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 185-187° C. * 19

3-[3-(4-bromo-benzyl)-ureido]-benzoic acid 250-252° C. * 20

3-[3-(2,4-dichloro-benzyl)-ureido]-benzoicacid 250-252° C. * 21

3-[3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ureido]-benzoic acid 290-295° C. * 22

3-[3-(4-iodo-phenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 250-253°C. *** 23

3-[3-(2,3-dichloro-phenyl)-2,4-dioxo-imidazolidin-1yl]-benzoic acid [M +H]⁺ =366.2 * 24

3-[3-(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-2,5-dioxomidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid274-276° C. * 25

3-(2,5-Dioxo-3-p-tolylimidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acid 249-251° C. * 26

3-[3-(4-Ethoxy-phenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid253-256° C. * 27

3-[3-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid256-258° C. ** 28

3-[3-(4-Bromo-phenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 293-296°C. * 29

3-[2,5-Dioxo-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 254-256° C. * 30

3-[3-(2,3-Dimethoxybenzyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid151-152° C. * 31

3-[3-(4-Isopropoxyphenyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid337-339° C. * 32

3-[3-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-ureido]-benzoic acid 147-149° C. ** 33

3-[3-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 238-240°C. ***** 34

3-[3-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-imidazol-1-yl]-benzoic acid283-285° C.(decomp.) *** 35

3-[3-(3-Isopropyl-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 189-190°C. **** 36

3-[3-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-imidazol-1-yl]-benzoicacid 226-227° C. * 37

3-[2-Oxo-3-(4-trifluoro-methoxy-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid221-222° C. ***** 38

3-[3-(4-Difluoromethoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidizolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid223-224° C. ***** 39

3-[3-(4-Isopropoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid253-255° C. ***** 40

3-(3-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acid282-283° C. ***** 41

3-[3-(2,3-Dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 271-272° C. ***** 42

3-[3-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 270-271° C.***** 43

3-[2-Oxo-3-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid276-278° C.(decomp.) **** 44

3-[2-Oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid254-255° C. ***** 45

3-[2-Oxo-3-(4-pyrrol-1-yl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid273-274° C.(decomp.) ***** 46

3-[3-(4-Dimethylamino-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid279-280° C. ***** 47

3-(2-Oxo-3-p-tolyl-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acid 263-265° C. ***** 48

3-[3-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 244-245°C. **** 49

3-[3-(2,2-Difluoro-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 259-260° C.(decomp.) **** 50

3-[2-Oxo-3-(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 238-239° C. ***** 51

4-Methoxy-3-[2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 271-274° C. * 52

2-Fluoro-5-[2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 241-242° C. **** 53

2-Chloro-5-[2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 214-215° C. **** 54

4-Fluoro-3-[2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 256-257° C. * 55

3-{2-Oxo-3-[4-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-phenyl]-imidazolidin-1-yl}-benzoicacid 293° C.(decomp.) * 56

2-Methoxy-5-[2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 209-210° C. * 57

2-Fluoro-3-[2-oxo-3-(4-rifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 246-247° C. ** 58

3-[2-Oxo-3-(4-piperidin-1-yl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid284-286° C. **** 59

3-[3-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-2-thioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid248-249° C. **** 60

3-(2-Oxo-3-{4-[2-oxo-2-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoicacid 228-230° C. * 61

3-[5,5-Dimethyl-2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 178-181° C. * 62

3-[3-(4-Fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 263-265° C. **** 63

3-[2-Oxo-3-(3-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid210-213° C. **** 64

3-[3-(3,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid258-262° C. ***** 65

3-[3-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid283-287° C. ***** 66

3-[3-(2,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid236-239° C. ** 67

3-[3-(2-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 228-230° C.*** 68

3-[3-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 260-263° C.***** 69

3-[3-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid 275-277° C.***** 70

3-[3-(3-Fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid267-269° C. ***** 71

3-[2-Oxo-3-(5-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 291-293° C. **** 72

3-(2-Oxo-3-thiophen-2-yl-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acid 273-275° C.**** 73

3-(2-Oxo-3-thiophen-3-yl-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acid 251-253° C.**** 74

3-[3-(2,4-Difluoro-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid262-264° C. * 75

3-{3-[4-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-phenyl]-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl}-benzoicacid 301° C.(decomp.) * 76

3-{3-[4-(2-Morpholin-4-yl-2-oxo-ethoxy)-phenyl]-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl}-benzoicacid 278-280° C. * 77

3-(3-{4-[2-(4-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-2-oxo-ethoxy]-phenyl}-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoicacid 271-274° C. * 78

3-[3-(6-Fluoro-pyridin-3-yl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid265-266° C.(decomp.) * 79

4-Methyl-3-[2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 257-258° C. * 80

3-[3-(4-[1,4′]Bipiperidinyl-1′-yl-phenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 284-286° C.(decomp.) * 81

3-[4,4-Dimethyl-2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethoxy-phenyl)-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoicacid 194-197° C. * 82

Melting points were obtained on an Electrothermal MeltTemp™ apparatusand are uncorrected. Alternatively, for those compounds without meltingpoint data, the results from mass spec analysis using a Micro Mass(Beverly, Mass.) ESI-MS (electrospray ionization-mass spectrometer) aregiven as [M+H]⁺.

Activity measurements in Table I were performed in a cell-basedluciferase reporter assay (as described in Section 4.2) comprising aluciferase reporter construct containing a UGA premature terminationcodon that was stably transfected in 293T Human Embryonic Kidney cells.A small molecule(3-[3-(4-Isopropyl-phenyl)-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid)known to allow readthrough of premature termination codons, was used asan internal standard. Activity measurements are based on the qualitativerelation between the minimum concentration of compound required toproduce a given protein in a cell (potency) and the maximum amount ofprotein produced by the cell (efficacy). Potency and efficacy activitiesare ranked as either extremely high, very high or significant. Thecombination of these activities is used to determine the activityranking. Compounds which were found to have both extremely high potencyand extremely high efficacy of protein synthesis are classified as“*****”. Compounds which were found to have extremely high potency ofprotein synthesis and very high efficacy were classified as “****”.Compounds which were found to have very high potency of proteinsynthesis and extremely high efficacy were classified as “****”.Compounds which were found to have both very high potency and very highefficacy of protein synthesis are classified as “***”. Compounds whichwere found to have very high potency of protein synthesis andsignificant efficacy were classified as “**”. Compounds which were foundto have significant potency of protein synthesis and very high efficacywere classified as “**”. Similarly, compounds which were found to havesignificant potency and efficacy of protein synthesis were classified as“*” (see table below).

Potency Efficacy Ranking Extremely high Extremely high ***** Extremelyhigh Very high **** Very high Extremely high **** Very high Very high*** Very high Significant ** Significant Very high ** SignificantSignificant *

The present invention encompasses the in vitro or in vivo use of acompound of the invention, and the incorporation of a compound of theinvention into pharmaceutical compositions and single unit dosage formsuseful in the treatment and prevention of a variety of diseases anddisorders. Specific diseases and disorders include those ameliorated bythe suppression of a nonsense mutation in messenger RNA.

Pharmaceutical compositions including dosage forms of the invention,which comprise a compound of the invention or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable polymorph, prodrug, salt, clathrate, solvate or hydratethereof, can be used in the methods of the invention.

Without being limited by theory, it is believed that a compound of theinvention can modulate premature translation termination and/ornonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Consequently, a first embodiment of theinvention relates to a method of modulating premature translationtermination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay comprising contacting acell exhibiting a nonsense mutation with an effective amount of acompound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug,metabolite, polymorph, salt, solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof. Ina particular embodiment, the invention relates to a method of inducingnonsense suppression comprising contacting a cell exhibiting a nonsensemutation with an effective amount of a compound of the invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, metabolite, polymorph, salt,solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof.

4.2 Biological Assays and Animal Studies

The test compounds identified in the nonsense suppression assay (forconvenience referred to herein as a “lead” compound) can be tested forbiological activity using host cells containing or engineered to containthe target RNA element coupled to a functional readout system. Forexample, the lead compound can be tested in a host cell engineered tocontain the RNA with the premature translation termination codoncontrolling the expression of a reporter gene. In this example, the leadcompounds are assayed in the presence or absence of the RNA with thepremature translation termination codon. Compounds that modulatepremature translation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay invivo will result in increased expression of the full-length gene, i.e.,past the premature termination codon. Alternatively, a phenotypic orphysiological readout can be used to assess activity of the target RNAwith the premature translation termination codon in the presence andabsence of the lead compound. Both the in vitro and in vivo nonsensesuppression assays used herein and as described in International PatentPublication WO 01/44516, which is incorporated by reference in itsentirety, can be used to identify lead compounds can also be used todetermine an EC₅₀ for the lead compounds.

Animal model systems can also be used to demonstrate the safety andefficacy of compounds of formula I. The compounds of formula I can betested for biological activity using animal models for a disease,condition, or syndrome of interest. These include animals engineered tocontain the target RNA element coupled to a functional readout system,such as a transgenic mouse.

Examples of animal models for cystic fibrosis include, but are notlimited to, cftr(−/−) mice (see, e.g., Freedman et al., 2001,Gastroenterology 121(4):950-7), cftr(tm1HGU/tm1HGU) mice (see, e.g.,Bernhard et al., 2001, Exp Lung Res 27(4):349-66), CFTR-deficient micewith defective cAMP-mediated Cl(−) conductance (see, e.g., Stotland etal., 2000, Pediatr Pulmonol 30(5):413-24), andC57BL/6-Cftr(m1UNC)/Cftr(m1UNC) knockout mice (see, e.g., Stotland etal., 2000, Pediatr Pulmonol 30(5):413-24).

Examples of animal models for muscular dystrophy include, but are notlimited to, mouse, hamster, cat, dog, and C. elegans. Examples of mousemodels for muscular dystrophy include, but are not limited to, the dy−/−mouse (see, e.g., Connolly et al., 2002, J Neuroimmunol 127(1-2):80-7),a muscular dystrophy with myositis (mdm) mouse mutation (see, e.g.,Garvey et al., 2002, Genomics 79(2):146-9), the mdx mouse (see, e.g.,Nakamura et al., 2001, Neuromuscul Disord 11(3):251-9), theutrophin-dystrophin knockout (dko) mouse (see, e.g., Nakamura et al.,2001, Neuromuscul Disord 11(3):251-9), the dy/dy mouse (see, e.g.,Dubowitz et al., 2000, Neuromuscul Disord 10(4-5):292-8), the mdx(Cv3)mouse model (see, e.g., Pillers et al., 1999, Laryngoscope109(8):1310-2), and the myotonic ADR-MDX mutant mice (see, e.g., Krameret al., 1998, Neuromuscul Disord 8(8):542-50). Examples of hamstermodels for muscular dystrophy include, but are not limited to,sarcoglycan-deficient hamsters (see, e.g., Nakamura et al., 2001, Am JPhysiol Cell Physiol 281(2):C690-9) and the BIO 14.6 dystrophic hamster(see, e.g., Schlenker & Burbach, 1991, J Appl Physiol 71(5):1655-62). Anexample of a feline model for muscular dystrophy includes, but is notlimited to, the hypertrophic feline muscular dystrophy model (see, e.g.,Gaschen & Burgunder, 2001, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 101(6):591-600).Canine models for muscular dystrophy include, but are not limited to,golden retriever muscular dystrophy (see, e.g., Fletcher et al., 2001,Neuromuscul Disord 11(3):239-43) and canine X-linked muscular dystrophy(see, e.g., Valentine et al., 1992, Am J Med Genet 42(3):352-6).Examples of C. elegans models for muscular dystrophy are described inChamberlain & Benian, 2000, Curr Biol 10(21):R795-7 and Culette &Sattelle, 2000, Hum Mol Genet 9(6):869-77.

Examples of animal models for familial hypercholesterolemia include, butare not limited to, mice lacking functional LDL receptor genes (see,e.g., Aji et al., 1997, Circulation 95(2):430-7), Yoshida rats (see,e.g., Fantappie et al., 1992, Life Sci 50(24):1913-24), the JCR:LA-cprat (see, e.g., Richardson et al., 1998, Atherosclerosis 138(1):135-46),swine (see, e.g., Hasler-Rapacz et al., 1998, Am J Med Genet76(5):379-86), and the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbit (see,e.g., Tsutsumi et al., 2000, Arzneimittelforschung 50(2):118-21; Harschet al., 1998, Br J Pharmacol 124(2):227-82; and Tanaka et al., 1995,Atherosclerosis 114(1):73-82).

An example of an animal model for human cancer in general includes, butis not limited to, spontaneously occurring tumors of companion animals(see, e.g., Vail & MacEwen, 2000, Cancer Invest 18(8):781-92). Examplesof animal models for lung cancer include, but are not limited to, lungcancer animal models described by Zhang & Roth (1994, In Vivo8(5):755-69) and a transgenic mouse model with disrupted p53 function(see, e.g., Morris et al., 1998, J La State Med Soc 150(4):179-85). Anexample of an animal model for breast cancer includes, but is notlimited to, a transgenic mouse that overexpresses cyclin D1 (see, e.g.,Hosokawa et al., 2001, Transgenic Res 10(5):471-8). An example of ananimal model for colon cancer includes, but is not limited to, a TCRbetaand p53 double knockout mouse (see, e.g., Kado et al., 2001, Cancer Res61(6):2395-8). Examples of animal models for pancreatic cancer include,but are not limited to, a metastatic model of Panc02 murine pancreaticadenocarcinoma (see, e.g., Wang et al., 2001, Int J Pancreatol29(1):37-46) and nu-nu mice generated in subcutaneous pancreatic tumours(see, e.g., Ghaneh et al., 2001, Gene Ther 8(3):199-208). Examples ofanimal models for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include, but are not limitedto, a severe combined immunodeficiency (“SCID”) mouse (see, e.g., Bryantet al., 2000, Lab Invest 80(4):553-73) and an IgHmu-HOX11 transgenicmouse (see, e.g., Hough et al., 1998, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA95(23):13853-8). An example of an animal model for esophageal cancerincludes, but is not limited to, a mouse transgenic for the humanpapillomavirus type 16 E7 oncogene (see, e.g., Herber et al., 1996, JVirol 70(3):1873-81). Examples of animal models for colorectalcarcinomas include, but are not limited to, Ape mouse models (see, e.g.,Fodde & Smits, 2001, Trends Mol Med 7(8):369-73 and Kuraguchi et al.,2000, Oncogene 19(50):5755-63). An example of an animal model forneurofibromatosis includes, but is not limited to, mutant NF1 mice (see,e.g., Cichowski et al., 1996, Semin Cancer Biol 7(5):291-8). Examples ofanimal models for retinoblastoma include, but are not limited to,transgenic mice that expression the simian virus 40 T antigen in theretina (see, e.g., Howes et al., 1994, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci35(2):342-51 and Windle et al, 1990, Nature 343(6259):665-9) and inbredrats (see, e.g., Nishida et al., 1981, Curr Eye Res 1(1):53-5 andKobayashi et al., 1982, Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 57(2-3):203-8). Examplesof animal models for Wilm's tumor include, but are not limited to, a WT1knockout mice (see, e.g., Scharnhorst et al., 1997, Cell Growth Differ8(2):133-43), a rat subline with a high incidence of neuphroblastoma(see, e.g., Mesfin & Breech, 1996, Lab Anim Sci 46(3):321-6), and aWistar/Furth rat with Wilms' tumor (see, e.g., Murphy et al., 1987,Anticancer Res 7(4B):717-9).

Examples of animal models for retinitis pigmentosa include, but are notlimited to, the Royal College of Surgeons (“RCS”) rat (see, e.g.,Vollrath et al., 2001, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(22);12584-9 andHanitzsch et al., 1998, Acta Anat (Basel) 162(2-3):119-26), a rhodopsinknockout mouse (see, e.g., Jaissle et al., 2001, Invest Ophthalmol VisSci 42(2):506-13), and Wag/Rij rats (see, e.g., Lai et al., 1980, Am JPathol 98(1):281-4).

Examples of animal models for cirrhosis include, but are not limited to,CCl₄-exposed rats (see, e.g., Kloehn et al., 2001, Horm Metab Res33(7):394-401) and rodent models instigated by bacterial cell componentsor colitis (see, e.g., Vierling, 2001, Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol15(4):591-610).

Examples of animal models for hemophilia include, but are not limitedto, rodent models for hemophilia A (see, e.g., Reipert et al., 2000,Thromb Haemost 84(5):826-32; Jarvis et al., 1996, Thromb Haemost75(2):318-25; and Bi et al., 1995, Nat Genet 10(1):119-21), caninemodels for hemophilia A (see, e.g., Gallo-Penn et al., 1999, Hum GeneTher 10(11):1791-802 and Connelly et al, 1998, Blood 91(9);3273-81),murine models for hemophilia B (see, e.g., Snyder et al., 1999, Nat Med5(1):64-70; Wang et al., 1997, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(21):11563-6;and Fang et al., 1996, Gene Ther 3(3):217-22), canine models forhemophilia B (see, e.g., Mount et al., 2002, Blood 99(8):2670-6; Snyderet al., 1999, Nat Med 5(1):64-70; Fang et al., 1996, Gene Ther3(3):217-22); and Kay et al., 1994, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA91(6):2353-7), and a rhesus macaque model for hemophilia B (see, e.g.,Lozier et al., 1999, Blood 93(6):1875-81).

Examples of animal models for von Willebrand disease include, but arenot limited to, an inbred mouse strain RIIIS/J (see, e.g., Nichols etal., 1994, 83(11):3225-31 and Sweeney et al., 1990, 76(11):2258-65),rats injected with botrocetin (see, e.g., Sanders et al., 1988, LabInvest 59(4):443-52), and porcine models for von Willebrand disease(see, e.g., Nichols et al., 1995, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(7):2455-9;Johnson & Bowie, 1992, J Lab Clin Med 120(4):553-8); and Brinkhous etal., 1991, Mayo Clin Proc 66(7):733-42).

Examples of animal models for b-thalassemia include, but are not limitedto, murine models with mutations in globin genes (see, e.g., Lewis etal., 1998, Blood 91(6):2152-6; Raja et al., 1994, Br J Haematol86(1):156-62; Popp et al., 1985, 445:432-44; and Skow et al., 1983, Cell34(3):1043-52).

Examples of animal models for kidney stones include, but are not limitedto, genetic hypercalciuric rats (see, e.g., Bushinsky et al., 1999,Kidney Int 55(1):234-43 and Bushinsky et al., 1995, Kidney Int48(6):1705-13), chemically treated rats (see, e.g., Grases et al., 1998,Scand J Urol Nephrol 32(4):261-5; Burgess et al., 1995, Urol Res23(4):239-42; Kumar et al., 1991, J Urol 146(5):1384-9; Okada et al.,1985, Hinyokika Kiyo 31(4):565-77; and Bluestone et al., 1975, LabInvest 33(3):273-9), hyperoxaluric rats (see, e.g., Jones et al., 1991,J Urol 145(4):868-74), pigs with unilateral retrograde flexiblenephroscopy (see, e.g., Seifmah et al., 2001, 57(4):832-6), and rabbitswith an obstructed upper urinary tract (see, e.g., Itatani et al., 1979,Invest Urol 17(3):234-40).

Examples of animal models for ataxia-telangiectasia include, but are notlimited to, murine models of ataxia-telangiectasia (see, e.g., Barlow etal., 1999, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(17):9915-9 and Inoue et al., 1986,Cancer Res 46(8):3979-82).

Examples of animal models for lysosomal storage diseases include, butare not limited to, mouse models for mucopolysaccharidosis type VII(see, e.g., Brooks et al., 2002, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99(9):6216-21;Monroy et al., 2002, Bone 30(2):352-9; Vogler et al., 2001, Pediatr DevPathol. 4(5):421-33; Vogler et al., 2001, Pediatr Res. 49(3):342-8; andWolfe et al., 2000, Mol Ther. 2(6):552-6), a mouse model formetachromatic leukodystrophy (see, e.g., Matzner et al., 2002, GeneTher. 9(1):53-63), a mouse model of Sandhoff disease (see, e.g., Sangoet al., 2002, Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 28(1):23-34), mouse models formucopolysaccharidosis type III A (see, e.g., Bhattacharyya et al., 2001,Glycobiology 11(1):99-10 and Bhaumik et al., 1999, Glycobiology9(12):1389-96.), arylsulfatase A (ASA)-deficient mice (see, e.g.,D'Hooge et al., 1999, Brain Res. 847(2):352-6 and D'Hooge et al, 1999,Neurosci Lett. 273(2):93-6); mice with an aspartylglucosaminuriamutation (see, e.g., Jalanko et al., 1998, Hum Mol Genet. 7(2):265-72);feline models of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (see, e.g., Crawley etal., 1998, J Clin Invest. 101(1):109-19 and Norrdin et al., 1995, Bone17(5):485-9); a feline model of Niemann-Pick disease type C (see, e.g.,March et al., 1997, Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 94(2):164-72); acidsphingomyelinase-deficient mice (see, e.g., Otterbach & Stoffel, 1995,Cell 81(7):1053-6), and bovine mannosidosis (see, e.g., Jolly et al.,1975, Birth Defects Orig Arctic Ser. 11(6):273-8).

Examples of animal models for tuberous sclerosis (“TSC”) include, butare not limited to, a mouse model of TSC1 (see, e.g., Kwiatkowski etal., 2002, Hum Mol Genet. 11(5):525-34), a Tsc1 (TSC1 homologue)knockout mouse (see, e.g., Kobayashi et al., 2001, Proc Natl Acad SciUSA. Jul. 17, 2001;98(15):8762-7), a TSC2 gene mutant(Eker) rat model(see, e.g., Hino 2000, Nippon Rinsho 58(6):1255-61; Mizuguchi et al.,2000, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 59(3):188-9; and Hino et al., 1999, ProgExp Tumor Res. 35:95-108); and Tsc2(±) mice (see, e.g., Onda et al.,1999, J Clin Invest. 104(6):687-95).

4.3 Synthesis and Preparation

The compounds of the invention can be obtained via standard, well-knownsynthetic methodology, see e.g. March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry;Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure, 4^(th) ed., 1992. A convenientmethod is illustrated in Scheme A. Starting materials useful forpreparing the compounds of the invention and intermediates therefore,are commercially available or can be prepared from commerciallyavailable materials using known synthetic methods and reagents.

Compounds of formula I can be synthesized using the synthesis depictedin Scheme A below:

Isocyanates corresponding to either half of the urea product may besynthesized and isolated according to methods well established in theart of organic chemistry. Such methods may be found in Sandier and Karo,Organic Functional Group Preparations, vol. I, pp. 364-369, 1983,Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., and include, but are notlimited to, the following methods. An amine compound may be treated withphosgene (or a phosgene equivalent) in non-reactive solvents and withthe presence of basic reagents as catalysts to afford the isocyanates.Alkyl halides may be treated with a cyanate salt (e.g., silver cyanate).Acyl azide compounds are known to rearrange thermally (the Curtiusreaction) to generate isocyanates. Another useful method involvesin-situ ureidification, which involves the treatment of an aminecompound with a reagent capable of transferring an aminocarbonyl group,usually under thermal conditions in inert solvents including, but notlimited to, mono- or dinitrophenylcarbamates and p-toluenesulfonylureas.

Compounds of formula I represented by structure XIV can be prepared bythe methodology depicted in Scheme B, below. An amine compound B1 isalkylated with a reagent B2, wherein the group L represents some leavinggroup (e.g., chloro, bromo, iodo, trifluoromethanesulfonyl). Thereaction is usually performed in the presence of a base reagent, such assodium acetate, potassium carbonate or triethylamine, in a solvent suchas methanol, tert-butanol or dimethylformamide, and at temperaturesranging from ambient to the reflux temperature of the chosen solvent.The aminoester compound B3 can then be treated with an isocyanatereagent B4 to afford the urea compound B5. Isocyanates are oftenavailable commercially, but can be prepared by methods familiar to oneskilled in the art of organic chemistry, including, but not limited to,treatment of the corresponding aniline compound with phosgene (or aphosgene substitute) or Curtius rearrangement of a suitably substitutedbenzoyl azide compound. The coupling of compounds B3 and B4 can beperformed in a suitably unreactive solvent, such as toluene, xylene, ordichloromethane, or even a mixture of such solvents (to effect maximumsolubilization). The presence of a tertiary amine reagent (such asdiisopropylethylamine or triethylamine) will often favorably catalyzethe coupling reaction. Temperatures of the reaction range from ambientto reflux of the solvent. Ring-closure of urea compound B5 can beeffected by the treatment of a base reagent such as sodium methoxide,potassium tert-butoxide or pyridine, typically in alcoholic solvents.Ring-closure can also be accomplished under acidic conditions (e.g.,conc. hydrochloric acid). An alternative method involves a one-potcondensation reaction of amine B3 with aniline compound B6 and reagentB7. Here, L′ represents a group activated for displacement at highertemperatures (e.g., phenoxy, imidazolyl, triazolyl). This reaction istypically performed in a high-boiling solvent (e.g., cresol, diphenylether), and is particularly successful using a suitably substitutedaminobenzoic acid (i.e., R is H).

Compounds of structure XV, can be prepared by one skilled in the artwith methodology of Scheme B by using reagents of the reversedsubstitution pattern of that of Scheme B but the same general types ofreactions as illustrated in Scheme C, below.

Compounds of formula I under the invention embodiment represented bystructures XVI can be prepared by hydrolysis of the hydantoin XIV(Scheme D). Conditions for this transformation can include alkalireagents (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide) or carbonatesalts in solvents such as methanol, ethanol or tetrahydrofuran. Slightwarming may be needed to accelerate the reaction. Alternatively, theintermediate ester compound (B5, Scheme B) may be directly hydrolyzedusing similar conditions to afford the substituted glycine compounddirectly.

Methodology involving solid-phase-based combinatorial synthesis of thecompounds of this invention can also be employed. In general, themethods used in solid phase organic synthesis involve immobilizing thesubstrate to be modified on a resin or other solid support such as pins,gel, beads, and lanterns. The solid phase chemistry has the advantageover solution phase chemistry in that purification of the modifiedsubstrates is greatly simplified. During the syntheses, the resin may bewashed free of any byproducts or excess reagents before proceeding tothe next reaction. Production of library compounds can be achieved byusing this solid phase chemistry to produce a plurality of compounds inaccord with any desired solid phase organic synthesis protocol.Combinatorial chemistry protocols can involve the use of multiple resinsor other solid support, diversity reagents and modification of thesubstrates in diverse manners using various reagents.

Compounds of formula I can be prepared according to the solidphase-mediated routes depicted in Schemes E and F, below.

Commercially available,4-(2′,4′-dimethyoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)-phenoxy resin E1 can be usedin this synthesis. Selective removal of the Fmoc-group can be achievedwith basic cleavage with 20% piperidine in dimethyl-formamide. The amideformation between the primary amine and bromoacetic acid can beperformed under usual amide formation reaction conditions usingdiisopropylcarbodiimide or equivalents such asbenzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphoniumhexa-fluorophosphate, bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimidehydrochloride with or without diisopropyl-ethylamine indimethylformamide. The bromoacetylated resin E2 can be used as a commonlinker for the synthesis of hydantoin library compounds with variationof the rest of the compound of structure XV as shown in Scheme E. Thecombinatorial chemistry method may use multi-reaction vessels, wherein adifferent combination of reagents can be used in each vessel to providelibrary compounds of interest. The resin-bound bromoacetylatedintermediate was alkylated with a reagent E3 in the presence of a basereagent, such as diisopropylethylamine or diazobicycloundecene, indimethylformamide. The reaction is usually performed at temperaturesranging from about ambient to the reflux temperature of the chosensolvent. The alkylated resin E4 can then be treated with an isocyanatereagent E5 to afford the urea derivative E6. The reaction is usuallycarried out in a solvent such as dichloromethane, dimethylformamide andat ambient temperature. The resin-bound urea intermediate can be cleavedand cyclized under acidic conditions such as 2M trifluoroacetic acid indichloromethane, or 3M acetic acid in dichloromethane, to affordcompounds of structure XV.

Compounds of structure XIV can also be prepared as shown in Scheme F,starting from commercially available halogenated resin F2 such as tritylchloride resin, bromomethyl resin or Merrifield resin. Y represents ahalogenated group, e.g., chloro, bromo, flouro or iodo. The intermediateF3 can be obtained by esterification of F1 with halogenated resin in thepresence of a base such as N-methylmorpholine, triethylamine, ordiisopropylethylamine in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane,tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamide or mixtures. Selective removal ofthe Fmoc protecting group can be achieved by basic cleavage with 25%piperidine in dimethylformamide. The amide formation between thedeprotected aniline F4 and bromoacetic acid can be conveniently carriedout under common amide formation reactions using diisopropylcarbodiimideor equivalents such as 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimidehydrochloride, benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate, bromo-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate with or without diisopropylethylamine. Theintermediate F5 can be used as a common intermediate for the synthesisof hydantoin analogs with variation of the rest of the molecule ofstructure XIV. The combinatorial chemistry method can use multi-reactionvessels, where a different combination of reagents used in each vesselto provide library compounds of interest. The resin-bound intermediateF7 can be obtained by N-alkylation of F5 with the primary amine F6 in aninert solvent such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran anddimethylformamide or mixtures with or without diisopropylethylamine. Thecyclic urea formation can be performed by using phosgene or equivalentssuch as carbonyldiimidazole, disuccinimidyl carbonate, or p-nitrohenylchloroformate. The reaction involves reacting the alkylated substrate F7with the phosgene or equivalents F8 in the presence of a base such asN-methylmorpholine, triethylamine, or diisopropylethylamine in an inertsolvent such as dichloromethane, tetrahydrofuran and dimethylformamideor mixtures. Here, L′ represents a group activated for displacement,such as imidazolyl, succinimidyl or phenoxy. The resin-boundintermediate F9 can be cleaved under acidic conditions such as 2Mtrifluoroacetic acid in dichloromethane, or 1M aqueous hydrochloricacid, to afford a compound of structure XIV.

Compounds of structure XVII can be prepared by the methodology depictedin Scheme G, below. An amine compound G1 is sulfonylated with a reagentG2, wherein the group L represents some leaving group, e.g., chloro,bromo, iodo or trifluoromethoxy. The reaction is usually performed in ahalogenated solvent such as methylene chloride, chloroform or1,2-dichloroethane, and at temperatures ranging from about 0° C. toabout ambient temperature. The product is isolated as the sulfamic acidsalt by extraction with an aqueous base such as sodium carbonate orsodium hydroxide. The sulfamic acid salt compound G3 is treated with ahalogenating agent such as phosphorous oxychloride or phosphorouspentachloride in an unreactive solvent such as toluene or methylenechloride at temperatures ranging from ambient to reflux of the chosensolvent to afford the sulfamoyl chloride compound G4. The sulfamoylchloride is then coupled with an amine compound G5. The coupling ofcompounds G4 and G5 to give sulfamide G6 can be performed in a suitablyunreactive solvent, such as toluene, xylene, or dichloromethane, or evena mixture of such solvents (to effect maximum solubilization). Thepresence of a tertiary amine reagent (such as diisopropylethylamine ortriethylamine) will often favorably catalyze the coupling reaction.Temperatures of the reaction range from about ambient to reflux of thechosen solvent. A ring-closure reaction on sulfamide compound G6 can beeffected by the treatment with a difunctional alkylating agent such as1,2-dibromoethane or 1,3-diiodopropane and a suitable base reagent suchpotassium carbonate in an unreactive solvent such as acetonitrile ordimethylformamide to give compounds of structure XVII.

Compounds of structure VIII can be prepared as shown in Scheme H, below.Commercially available amines H1 can be treated with protected aldehydesH2 containing a suitable leaving group to give the substituted aminesH3. The reaction may be performed in the presence of an inorganic basesuch as K₂CO₃ in a suitable organic solvent with heating. The amine canbe further reacted with an isocyanate or isothiocyanate H4 (W═O or S) togive the urea or thiourea H5. Deprotection of the protected aldehyde andconcominant cyclization can be carried out in acid with or without anorganic solvent as diluent to afford compounds of structure VIII.

The compounds of structure XVIII can be prepared as shown below inScheme I. Amines I1 can be reacted with acyl halides I2 containing asuitable leaving group, L, to afford the amide intermediate I3. Suitablereaction conditions include the employment of an appropriate organicsolvent and an inorganic or organic base to neutralize the acid formedin the reaction. The amino amide intermediate I5 is formed upon reactionof the amide I3 with an amine I4 in the presence of a polar organicsolvent and an inorganic base such as K₂CO₃. Conversion of the aminoamide I5 to the diamine I6 is accomplished by reaction of a reducingreagent such as borane-THF or borane dimethyl sulfide in a suitablesolvent at ambient to elevated temperature. Cyclization of I6 with I7,where L′ represents a leaving group such as halide, imidazole ortriazole, in a suitable solvent affords the compounds of structureXVIII.

Compounds of structure XVIII can also be prepared as described in SchemeJ below. Amines J1 can be reacted with 2-(chloroethyl)isocyanate J2 toafford the intermediate urea compounds J3. The reaction can be performedin a variety of solvents at room temperature or at elevatedtemperatures. The intermediate urea can then be cyclized in the presenceof an inorganic or organic base in a suitable organic solvent to formthe intermediate J4. Coupling between the amine J4 and compound J5 canbe accomplished using an inorganic metalloid species such as a copperhalide in the presence of a suitable amine ligand and an inorganic baseto afford the compounds of structure XVIII.

Compounds of structure XVIII can also be prepared as shown below inScheme K. Compounds of type K1 can be reacted with2-(chloroethyl)isocyanate K2 to form urea compounds K3. The reaction canbe performed in a variety of solvents at room temperature or at elevatedtemperatures. The intermediate urea can then be cyclized in the presenceof an inorganic or organic base in a suitable organic solvent to formthe intermediate K4. Coupling between the amine J4 and compound J5 canbe accomplished using an inorganic metalloid species such as a copperhalide in the presence of a suitable amine ligand and an inorganic baseto afford the compounds of structure XVIII.

Compounds of structure VI can be prepared as shown below in Scheme L byreduction of structure VIII using known methodology. The reduction maybe carried out using a variety of methods. For example, heterogeneoustransition metal catalysts (e.g., palladium or platinum) in the presenceof a reductant (e.g., hydrogen) and suitable polar or nonpolar organicsolvent or mixtures can effectively convert structure VIII to StructureVI.

4.4 Methods of Use

The invention encompasses methods of treating and preventing diseases ordisorders ameliorated by the suppression of premature translationtermination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in a patient whichcomprise administering to a patient in need of such treatment orprevention a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of theinvention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, solvate,metabolite, polymorph, salt, solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof.

In one embodiment, the present invention encompasses the treatment orprevention of any disease which is associated with a gene exhibitingpremature translation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.In one embodiment, the disease is due, in part, to the lack ofexpression of the gene resulting from a premature stop codon. Specificexamples of genes which may exhibit premature translation terminationand/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and diseases associated withpremature translation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decayare found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/390,747, titled:Methods For Identifying Small Molecules That Modulate PrematureTranslation Termination And Nonsense Mediated mRNA Decay, filed Jun. 21,2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Diseases ameliorated by the suppression of premature translationtermination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay include, but are notlimited to: a genetic disease, cancer, an autoimmune disease, a blooddisease, a collagen disease, diabetes, a neurodegenerative disease, aproliferative disease, a cardiovascular disease, a pulmonary disease, aninflammatory disease or central nervous system disease.

Specific genetic diseases within the scope of the methods of theinvention include, but are not limited to, amyloidosis, hemophilia,Alzheimer's disease, Tay Sachs disease, Niemann Pick disease,atherosclerosis, giantism, dwarfism, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism,aging, obesity, Parkinson's disease, cystic fibrosis, musculardystrophy, heart disease, kidney stones, ataxia-telangiectasia, familialhypercholesterolemia, retinitis pigmentosa, Duchenne muscular dystrophy,and Marfan syndrome. Both solid tumor and other cancers are includedwithin the methods of the invention.

In another embodiment, the genetic disease is an autoimmune disease. Ina preferred embodiment, the autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritisor graft versus host disease.

In another embodiment, the genetic disease is a blood disease. In apreferred embodiment, the blood disease is hemophilia, Von Willebranddisease, ataxia-telangiectasia, β-thalassemia or kidney stones.

In another embodiment, the genetic disease is a collagen disease. In aembodiment, the collagen disease is osteogenesis imperfecta orcirrhosis.

In another embodiment, the genetic disease is diabetes.

In another embodiment, the genetic disease is an inflammatory disease.In a preferred embodiment, the inflammatory disease is arthritis,rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.

In another embodiment, the genetic disease is a central nervous systemdisease. In one embodiment the central nervous system disease is aneurodegenerative disease. In a preferred embodiment, the centralnervous system disease is multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy,Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer's disease, Tay Sachs disease,late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) or Parkinson'sdisease.

In another embodiment, the genetic disease is cancer. In a preferredembodiment, the cancer is of the head and neck, eye, skin, mouth,throat, esophagus, chest, bone, lung, colon, sigmoid, rectum, stomach,prostate, breast, ovaries, kidney, liver, pancreas, brain, intestine,heart or adrenals.

In another preferred embodiment, the cancer is associated with the p53gene. Nonsense mutations have been identified in the p53 gene and havebeen implicated in cancer. Several nonsense mutations in the p53 genehave been identified (see, e.g., Masuda et al., 2000, Tokai J Exp ClinMed. 25(2):69-77; Oh et al., 2000, Mol Cells 10(3):275-80; Li et al.,2000, Lab Invest. 80(4):493-9; Yang et al., 1999, Zhonghua Zhong Liu ZaZhi 21(2):114-8; Finkelstein et al., 1998, Mol Diagn. 3(1):37-41;Kajiyama et al., 1998, Dis Esophagus. 11(4):279-83; Kawamura et al.,1999, Leuk Res. 23(2):115-26; Radig et al., 1998, Hum Pathol.29(11):1310-6; Schuyer et al., 1998, Int J Cancer 76(3):299-303;Wang-Gohrke et al., 1998, Oncol Rep. 5(1):65-8; Fulop et al., 1998, JReprod Med. 43(2):119-27; Ninomiya et al., 1997, J Dermatol Sci.14(3):173-8; Hsieh et al., 1996, Cancer Lett. 100(1-2):107-13; Rall etal., 1996, Pancreas. 12(1):10-7; Fukutomi et al., 1995, Nippon Rinsho.53(11):2764-8; Frebourg et al., 1995, Am J Hum Genet. 56(3):608-15; Doveet al., 1995, Cancer Surv. 25:335-55; Adamson et al., 1995, Br JHaematol. 89(1):61-6; Grayson et al., 1994, Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol.16(4):341-7; Lepelley et al., 1994, Leukemia. 8(8):1342-9; McIntyre etal., 1994, J Clin Oncol. 12(5):925-30; Horio et al., 1994, Oncogene.9(4):1231-5; Nakamura et al., 1992, Jpn J Cancer Res. 83(12):1293-8;Davidoff et al., 1992, Oncogene. 7(1):127-33; and Ishioka et al., 1991,Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 177(3):901-6; the disclosures of which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entireties). Any diseaseassociated with a p53 gene encoding a premature translation codonincluding, but not limited to, the nonsense mutations described in thereferences cited above, can be treated or prevented by compounds offormula I. Without be limited by theory, the compounds mediate prematuretranslation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

In other embodiments, diseases to be treated or prevented byadministering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of acompound of formula I include solid tumor, sarcoma, carcinomas,fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenicsarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma,lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor,leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, colon carcinoma, pancreatic cancer,breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, squamous cell carcinoma,basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceousgland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas,cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, renalcell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma,seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, cervical cancer, testiculartumor, lung carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma,epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma,craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, pinealoma,hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, menangioma,melanoma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, a blood-born tumor, acutelymphoblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic B-cell leukemia, acutelymphoblastic T-cell leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acutepromyelocytic leukemia, acute monoblastic leukemia, acuteerythroleukemic leukemia, acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, acutemyelomonocytic leukemia, acute nonlymphocyctic leukemia, acuteundifferentiated leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia, or multiple myeloma. Seee.g., Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Eugene Braunwald etal., eds., pp. 491-762 (15^(th) ed. 2001).

In a preferred embodiment, the invention encompasses a method oftreating or preventing a disease ameliorated by modulation of prematuretranslation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, orameliorating one or more symptoms associated therewith comprisingcontacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of formula I.Cells encompassed by the present methods include animal cells, mammaliancells, bacterial cells, plant cells and virally infected cells. In oneembodiment, the nonsense codon was present in the progenitor DNA. Inanother embodiment, the nonsense codon resulted from mutagenesis.

In certain embodiments, a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, is administered to a patient, preferably amammal, more preferably a human, as a preventative measure against adisease associated with premature translation termination and/ornonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

In a preferred embodiment, it is first determined that the patient issuffering from a disease associate with premature translationtermination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. In another embodiment,the patient has undergone a screening process to determine the presenceof a nonsense mutation comprising the steps of screening a subject, orcells extracted therefrom, by an acceptable nonsense mutation screeningassay. In a preferred embodiment, the DNA of the patient can besequenced or subject to Southern Blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR),use of the Short Tandem Repeat (STR), or polymorphic length restrictionfragments (RFLP) analysis to determine if a nonsense mutation is presentin the DNA of the patient. Alternatively, it can be determined ifaltered levels of the protein with the nonsense mutation are expressedin the patient by western blot or other immunoassays. In anotherembodiment, the patient is an unborn child who has undergone screeningin utero for the presence of a nonsense mutation. Administration of acompound of formula I can occur either before or after birth. In arelated embodiment, the therapy is personalized in that the patient isscreened for a nonsense mutation screening assay and treated by theadministration of one or more compounds of the invention; particularly,the patient may be treated with a compound particularly suited for themutations in question; e.g., depending upon the disease type, cell type,and the gene in question. Such methods are well known to one of skill inthe art.

In another embodiment, the cells (e.g., animal cells, mammalian cells,bacterial cells, plant cells and virally infected cells) are screenedfor premature translation termination and/or nonsense-mediated mRNAdecay with a method such as that described above (i.e., the DNA of thecell can be sequenced or subjected to Southern Blot, polymerase chainreaction (PCR), use of the Short Tandem Repeat (STR), or polymorphiclength restriction fragments (RFLP) analysis to determine if a nonsensemutation is present in the DNA of the cell).

Specific methods of the invention further comprise the administration ofan additional therapeutic agent (i.e., a therapeutic agent other than acompound of the invention). In certain embodiments of the presentinvention, the compounds of the invention can be used in combinationwith at least one other therapeutic agent. Therapeutic agents include,but are not limited to non-opioid analgesics; non-steroidanti-inflammatory agents; antiemetics; β-adrenergic blockers;anticonvulsants; antidepressants; Ca²⁺-channel blockers; anticanceragent and mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of formula I can be administeredor formulated in combination with anticancer agents. Suitable anticanceragents include, but are not limited to, alkylating agents; nitrogenmustards; folate antagonists; purine antagonists; pyrimidineantagoinists; spindle poisons; topoisomerase inhibitors; apoptosisinducing agents; angiogenesis inhibitors; podophyllotoxins;nitrosoureas; cisplatin; carboplatin; interferon; asparginase;tamoxifen; leuprolide; flutamide; megestrol; mitomycin; bleomycin;doxorubicin; irinotecan and taxol.

In certain embodiments, the compounds of formula I can be administeredor formulated in combination with antibiotics. In certain embodiments,the antibiotic is a macrolide (e.g., tobramycin (Tobi®)), acephalosporin (e.g., cephalexin (Keflex®), cephradine (Velosef®),cefuroxime (Ceftin®), cefprozil (Cefzil®), cefaclor (Ceclor®), cefixime(Suprax®) or cefadroxil (Duricef®)), a clarithromycin (e.g.,clarithromycin (Biaxin®)), an erythromycin (e.g., erythromycin(EMycin®)), a penicillin (e.g., penicillin V (V-Cillin K® or Pen VeeK®)) or a quinolone (e.g., ofloxacin (Floxin®), ciprofloxacin (Cipro®)or norfloxacin (Noroxin®))). In a preferred embodiment, the antibioticis active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The compounds of the invention and the other therapeutics agent can actadditively or, more preferably, synergistically. In a preferredembodiment, a composition comprising a compound of the invention isadministered concurrently with the administration of another therapeuticagent, which can be part of the same composition or in a differentcomposition from that comprising the compounds of the invention. Inanother embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered prior toor subsequent to administration of another therapeutic agent.

The magnitude of a prophylactic or therapeutic dose of a particularactive ingredient of the invention in the acute or chronic management ofa disease or condition will vary, however, with the nature and severityof the disease or condition, and the route by which the activeingredient is administered. The dose, and perhaps the dose frequency,will also vary according to the age, body weight, and response of theindividual patient. Suitable dosing regimens can be readily selected bythose skilled in the art with due consideration of such factors. Ingeneral, the recommended daily dose range for the conditions describedherein lie within the range of from about 0.1 mg to about 2000 mg perday. In one embodiment, the compound of formula I is given as a singleonce-a-day dose. In another embodiment, the compound of formula I isgiven as divided doses throughout a day. More specifically, the dailydose is administered in a single dose or in equally divided doses.Preferably, a daily dose range should be from about 5 mg to about 500 mgper day, more preferably, between about 10 mg and about 200 mg per day.In managing the patient, the therapy should be initiated at a lowerdose, perhaps about 1 mg to about 25 mg, and increased if necessary upto about 200 mg to about 2000 mg per day as either a single dose ordivided doses, depending on the patient's global response.

It may be necessary to use dosages of the active ingredient outside theranges disclosed herein in some cases, as will be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, it is noted that the clinicianor treating physician will know how and when to interrupt, adjust, orterminate therapy in conjunction with individual patient response.

The phrases “therapeutically effective amount”, “prophylacticallyeffective amount” and “therapeutically or prophylactically effectiveamount,” as used herein encompass the above described dosage amounts anddose frequency schedules. Different therapeutically effective amountsmay be applicable for different diseases and conditions, as will bereadily known by those of ordinary skill in the art. Similarly, amountssufficient to treat or prevent such diseases, but insufficient to cause,or sufficient to reduce, adverse effects associated with conventionaltherapies are also encompassed by the above described dosage amounts anddose frequency schedules.

4.5 Pharmaceutical Compositions

Pharmaceutical compositions and single unit dosage forms comprising acompound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable polymorph,prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof, are alsoencompassed by the invention. Individual dosage forms of the inventionmay be suitable for oral, mucosal (including sublingual, buccal, rectal,nasal, or vaginal), parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular,bolus injection, intraarterial, or intravenous), transdermal, or topicaladministration.

Pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention comprise acompound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug,polymorph, salt, solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof. Pharmaceuticalcompositions and dosage forms of the invention typically also compriseone or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.

A particular pharmaceutical composition encompassed by this embodimentcomprises a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptablepolymorph, prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, or clathrate thereof, and atleast one additional therapeutic agent. Examples of additionaltherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to: anti-cancer drugsand anti-inflammation therapies including, but not limited to, thoselisted above in Section 4.3.

Single unit dosage forms of the invention are suitable for oral, mucosal(e.g., nasal, sublingual, vaginal, buccal, or rectal), parenteral (e.g.,subcutaneous, intravenous, bolus injection, intramuscular, orintraarterial), or transdermal administration to a patient. Examples ofdosage forms include, but are not limited to: tablets; caplets;capsules, such as soft elastic gelatin capsules; cachets; troches;lozenges; dispersions; suppositories; ointments; cataplasms (poultices);pastes; powders; dressings; creams; plasters; solutions; patches;aerosols (e.g., nasal sprays or inhalers); gels; liquid dosage formssuitable for oral or mucosal administration to a patient, includingsuspensions (e.g., aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspensions,oil-in-water emulsions, or a water-in-oil liquid emulsions), solutions,and elixirs; liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administrationto a patient; and sterile solids (e.g., crystalline or amorphous solids)that can be reconstituted to provide liquid dosage forms suitable forparenteral administration to a patient.

The composition, shape, and type of dosage forms of the invention willtypically vary depending on their use. For example, a dosage form usedin the acute treatment of inflammation or a related disease may containlarger amounts of one or more of the active ingredients it comprisesthan a dosage form used in the chronic treatment of the same disease.Similarly, a parenteral dosage form may contain smaller amounts of oneor more of the active ingredients it comprises than an oral dosage formused to treat the same disease or disorder. These and other ways inwhich specific dosage forms encompassed by this invention will vary fromone another will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. See,e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) ed., Mack Publishing,Easton Pa. (1990).

Typical pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprise one ormore carriers, excipients or diluents. Suitable excipients are wellknown to those skilled in the art of pharmacy, and non-limiting examplesof suitable excipients are provided herein. Whether a particularexcipient is suitable for incorporation into a pharmaceuticalcomposition or dosage form depends on a variety of factors well known inthe art including, but not limited to, the way in which the dosage formwill be administered to a patient. For example, oral dosage forms suchas tablets may contain excipients not suited for use in parenteraldosage forms. The suitability of a particular excipient may also dependon the specific active ingredients in the dosage form.

This invention further encompasses anhydrous pharmaceutical compositionsand dosage forms comprising active ingredients, since water canfacilitate the degradation of some compounds. For example, the additionof water (e.g., 5%) is widely accepted in the pharmaceutical arts as ameans of simulating long-term storage in order to determinecharacteristics such as shelf-life or the stability of formulations overtime. See, e.g., Jens T. Carstensen, Drug Stability: Principles &Practice, 2d. Ed., Marcel Dekker, NY, N.Y., 1995, pp. 379-80. In effect,water and heat accelerate the decomposition of some compounds. Thus, theeffect of water on a formulation can be of great significance sincemoisture and/or humidity are commonly encountered during manufacture,handling, packaging, storage, shipment, and use of formulations.

Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the inventioncan be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredientsand low moisture or low humidity conditions. Pharmaceutical compositionsand dosage forms that comprise lactose and at least one activeingredient that comprises a primary or secondary amine are preferablyanhydrous if substantial contact with moisture and/or humidity duringmanufacturing, packaging, and/or storage is expected.

An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition should be prepared and storedsuch that its anhydrous nature is maintained. Accordingly, anhydrouscompositions are preferably packaged using materials known to preventexposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formularykits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to,hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (e.g., vials),blister packs, and strip packs.

The invention further encompasses pharmaceutical compositions and dosageforms that comprise one or more compounds that reduce the rate by whichan active ingredient will decompose. Such compounds, which are referredto herein as “stabilizers,” include, but are not limited to,antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, pH buffers, or salt buffers.

Like the amounts and types of excipients, the amounts and specific typesof active ingredients in a dosage form may differ depending on factorssuch as, but not limited to, the route by which it is to be administeredto patients. However, typical dosage forms of the invention comprise acompound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,solvate, clathrate, hydrate, polymorph or prodrug thereof lie within therange of from about 0.1 mg to about 2000 mg per day, given as a singleonce-a-day dose in the morning but preferably as divided dosesthroughout the day taken with food. More preferably, the daily dose isadministered twice daily in equally divided doses. Preferably, a dailydose range should be from about 5 mg to about 500 mg per day, morepreferably, between about 10 mg and about 200 mg per day. In managingthe patient, the therapy should be initiated at a lower dose, perhapsabout 1 mg to about 25 mg, and increased if necessary up to about 200 mgto about 2000 mg per day as either a single dose or divided doses,depending on the patient's global response.

4.5.1 Oral Dosage Forms

Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention that are suitable for oraladministration can be presented as discrete dosage forms, such as, butare not limited to, tablets (e.g., chewable tablets), caplets, capsules,and liquids (e.g., flavored syrups). Such dosage forms containpredetermined amounts of active ingredients, and may be prepared bymethods of pharmacy well known to those skilled in the art. Seegenerally, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) ed., MackPublishing, Easton Pa. (1990).

Typical oral dosage forms of the invention are prepared by combining theactive ingredient(s) in an intimate admixture with at least oneexcipient according to conventional pharmaceutical compoundingtechniques. Excipients can take a wide variety of forms depending on theform of preparation desired for administration. For example, excipientssuitable for use in oral liquid or aerosol dosage forms include, but arenot limited to, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents,preservatives, and coloring agents. Examples of excipients suitable foruse in solid oral dosage forms (e.g., powders, tablets, capsules, andcaplets) include, but are not limited to, starches, sugars,micro-crystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants,binders, and disintegrating agents.

Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules representthe most advantageous oral dosage unit forms, in which case solidexcipients are employed. If desired, tablets can be coated by standardaqueous or nonaqueous techniques. Such dosage forms can be prepared byany of the methods of pharmacy. In general, pharmaceutical compositionsand dosage forms are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing theactive ingredients with liquid carriers, finely divided solid carriers,or both, and then shaping the product into the desired presentation ifnecessary.

For example, a tablet can be prepared by compression or molding.Compressed tablets can be prepared by compressing in a suitable machinethe active ingredients in a free-flowing form such as powder orgranules, optionally mixed with an excipient. Molded tablets can be madeby molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compoundmoistened with an inert liquid diluent.

Examples of excipients that can be used in oral dosage forms of theinvention include, but are not limited to, binders, fillers,disintegrants, and lubricants. Binders suitable for use inpharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms include, but are notlimited to, corn starch, potato starch, or other starches, gelatin,natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, alginicacid, other alginates, powdered tragacanth, guar gum, cellulose and itsderivatives (e.g., ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), polyvinylpyrrolidone, methyl cellulose, pre-gelatinized starch, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, (e.g., Nos. 2208, 2906, 2910), microcrystallinecellulose, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of fillers suitable for use in the pharmaceutical compositionsand dosage forms disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, talc,calcium carbonate (e.g., granules or powder), microcrystallinecellulose, powdered cellulose, dextrates, kaolin, mannitol, silicicacid, sorbitol, starch, pre-gelatinized starch, and mixtures thereof.The binder or filler in pharmaceutical compositions of the invention istypically present in from about 50 to about 99 weight percent of thepharmaceutical composition or dosage form.

Suitable forms of microcrystalline cellulose include, but are notlimited to, the materials sold as AVICEL-PH-101, AVICEL-PH-103 AVICELRC-581, AVICEL-PH-105 (available from FMC Corporation, American ViscoseDivision, Avicel Sales, Marcus Hook, Pa.), and mixtures thereof. Anspecific binder is a mixture of microcrystalline cellulose and sodiumcarboxymethyl cellulose sold as AVICEL RC-581. Suitable anhydrous or lowmoisture excipients or additives include AVICEL-PH-103™ and Starch 1500LM.

Disintegrants are used in the compositions of the invention to providetablets that disintegrate when exposed to an aqueous environment.Tablets that contain too much disintegrant may disintegrate in storage,while those that contain too little may not disintegrate at a desiredrate or under the desired conditions. Thus, a sufficient amount ofdisintegrant that is neither too much nor too little to detrimentallyalter the release of the active ingredients should be used to form solidoral dosage forms of the invention. The amount of disintegrant usedvaries based upon the type of formulation, and is readily discernible tothose of ordinary skill in the art. Typical pharmaceutical compositionscomprise from about 0.5 to about 15 weight percent of disintegrant,specifically from about 1 to about 5 weight percent of disintegrant.

Disintegrants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosageforms of the invention include, but are not limited to, agar-agar,alginic acid, calcium carbonate, microcrystalline cellulose,croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone, polacrilin potassium, sodium starchglycolate, potato or tapioca starch, pre-gelatinized starch, otherstarches, clays, other algins, other celluloses, gums, and mixturesthereof.

Lubricants that can be used in pharmaceutical compositions and dosageforms of the invention include, but are not limited to, calciumstearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, light mineral oil, glycerin,sorbitol, mannitol, polyethylene glycol, other glycols, stearic acid,sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, hydrogenated vegetable oil (e.g., peanutoil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, andsoybean oil), zinc stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl laureate, agar, andmixtures thereof. Additional lubricants include, for example, a syloidsilica gel (AEROSIL 200, manufactured by W.R. Grace Co. of Baltimore,Md.), a coagulated aerosol of synthetic silica (marketed by Degussa Co.of Plano, Tex.), CAB-O-SIL (a pyrogenic silicon dioxide product sold byCabot Co. of Boston, Mass.), and mixtures thereof. If used at all,lubricants are typically used in an amount of less than about 1 weightpercent of the pharmaceutical compositions or dosage forms into whichthey are incorporated.

4.5.2 Delayed Release Dosage Forms

Active ingredients of the invention can be administered by controlledrelease means or by delivery devices that are well known to those ofordinary skill in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to,those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809;3,598,123; and 4,008,719, 5,674,533, 5,059,595, 5,591,767, 5,120,548,5,073,543, 5,639,476, 5,354,556, and 5,733,566, each of which isincorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used toprovide slow or controlled-release of one or more active ingredientsusing, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices,gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings,microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof toprovide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitablecontrolled-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in theart, including those described herein, can be readily selected for usewith the active ingredients of the invention. The invention thusencompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administrationsuch as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and capletsthat are adapted for controlled-release.

All controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal ofimproving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlledcounterparts. Ideally, the use of an optimally designedcontrolled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized bya minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control thecondition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled-releaseformulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosagefrequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition,controlled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onsetof action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the drug,and can thus affect the occurrence of side (e.g., adverse) effects.

Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially releasean amount of drug (active ingredient) that promptly produces the desiredtherapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of otheramounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylacticeffect over an extended period of time. In order to maintain thisconstant level of drug in the body, the drug must be released from thedosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of drug beingmetabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled-release of an activeingredient can be stimulated by various conditions including, but notlimited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiologicalconditions or compounds.

4.5.3 Parenteral Dosage Forms

Parenteral dosage forms can be administered to patients by variousroutes including, but not limited to, subcutaneous, intravenous(including bolus injection), intramuscular, and intra-arterial. Becausetheir administration typically bypasses patients' natural defensesagainst contaminants, parenteral dosage forms are preferably sterile orcapable of being sterilized prior to administration to a patient.Examples of parenteral dosage forms include, but are not limited to,solutions ready for injection, dry products ready to be dissolved orsuspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle for injection,suspensions ready for injection, and emulsions. For example, lyophilizedsterile compositions suitable for reconstitution into particulate-freedosage forms suitable for administration to humans.

Suitable vehicles that can be used to provide parenteral dosage forms ofthe invention are well known to those skilled in the art. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to: Water for Injection USP; aqueousvehicles such as, but not limited to, Sodium Chloride Injection,Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium ChlorideInjection, and Lactated Ringer's Injection; water-miscible vehicles suchas, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, andpolypropylene glycol; and non-aqueous vehicles such as, but not limitedto, corn oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyl oleate,isopropyl myristate, and benzyl benzoate.

Compounds that increase the solubility of one or more of the activeingredients disclosed herein can also be incorporated into theparenteral dosage forms of the invention.

Parenteral dosage forms are preferred for the methods of preventing,treating or managing disease in a cancer patient.

4.5.4 Transdermal and Topical Dosage Forms

Transdermal and topical dosage forms of the invention include, but arenot limited to, creams, lotions, ointments, gels, solutions, emulsions,suspensions, or other forms known to one of skill in the art. See, e.g.,Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) eds., Mack Publishing,Easton Pa. (1990); and Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms,4^(th) ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia (1985). Transdermal dosage formsinclude “reservoir type” or “matrix type” patches, which can be appliedto the skin and worn for a specific period of time to permit thepenetration of a desired amount of active ingredients.

Suitable excipients (e.g., carriers and diluents) and other materialsthat can be used to provide transdermal and topical dosage formsencompassed by this invention are well known to those skilled in thepharmaceutical arts, and depend on the particular tissue to which agiven pharmaceutical composition or dosage form will be applied. Withthat fact in mind, typical excipients include, but are not limited to,water, acetone, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,butane-1,3-diol, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, mineral oil,and mixtures thereof to form lotions, tinctures, creams, emulsions, gelsor ointments, which are non-toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable.Moisturizers or humectants can also be added to pharmaceuticalcompositions and dosage forms if desired. Examples of such additionalingredients are well known in the art. See, e.g., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa.(1990).

Depending on the specific tissue to be treated, additional componentsmay be used prior to, in conjunction with, or subsequent to treatmentwith active ingredients of the invention. For example, penetrationenhancers can be used to assist in delivering the active ingredients tothe tissue. Suitable penetration enhancers include, but are not limitedto: acetone; various alcohols such as ethanol, oleyl, andtetrahydrofuryl; alkyl sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide; dimethylacetamide; dimethyl formamide; polyethylene glycol; pyrrolidones such aspolyvinylpyrrolidone; Kollidon grades (Povidone, Polyvidone); urea; andvarious water-soluble or insoluble sugar esters such as Tween 80(polysorbate 80) and Span 60 (sorbitan monostearate).

The pH of a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form, or of the tissueto which the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form is applied, mayalso be adjusted to improve delivery of one or more active ingredients.Similarly, the polarity of a solvent carrier, its ionic strength, ortonicity can be adjusted to improve delivery. Compounds such asstearates can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions or dosageforms to advantageously alter the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of oneor more active ingredients so as to improve delivery. In this regard,stearates can serve as a lipid vehicle for the formulation, as anemulsifying agent or surfactant, and as a delivery-enhancing orpenetration-enhancing agent. Different salts, hydrates or solvates ofthe active ingredients can be used to further adjust the properties ofthe resulting composition.

4.5.5 Mucosal Dosage Forms and Lung Delivery

Mucosal dosage forms of the invention include, but are not limited to,ophthalmic solutions, sprays and aerosols, or other forms known to oneof skill in the art. See, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,18^(th) eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa. (1990); and Introduction toPharmaceutical Dosage Forms, 4^(th) ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia(1985). Dosage forms suitable for treating mucosal tissues within theoral cavity can be formulated as mouthwashes or as oral gels. In oneembodiment, the aerosol comprises a carrier. In another embodiment, theaerosol is carrier free.

A compound of formula I can also be administered directly to the lung byinhalation (see e.g., Tong et al., PCT Application, WO 97/39745; Clarket al, PCT Application, WO 99/47196, which are herein incorporated byreference). For administration by inhalation, a compound of formula Ican be conveniently delivered to the lung by a number of differentdevices. For example, a Metered Dose Inhaler (“MDI”) which utilizescanisters that contain a suitable low boiling propellant, e.g.,dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas can beused to deliver a compound of formula I directly to the lung. MDIdevices are available from a number of suppliers such as 3M Corporation,Aventis, Boehringer Ingleheim, Forest Laboratories, Glaxo-Wellcome,Schering Plough and Vectura.

Alternatively, a Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) device can be used toadminister a compound of formula I to the lung (See, e.g., Raleigh etal., Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Research Annual Meeting, 1999, 40, 397,which is herein incorporated by reference). DPI devices typically use amechanism such as a burst of gas to create a cloud of dry powder insidea container, which can then be inhaled by the patient. DPI devices arealso well known in the art and can be purchased from a number of vendorswhich include, for example, Fisons, Glaxo-Wellcome, Inhale TherapeuticSystems, ML Laboratories, Qdose and Vectura. A popular variation is themultiple dose DPI (“MDDPI”) system, which allows for the delivery ofmore than one therapeutic dose. MDDPI devices are available fromcompanies such as AstraZeneca, GlaxoWellcome, IVAX, Schering Plough,SkyePharma and Vectura. For example, capsules and cartridges of gelatinfor use in an inhaler or insufflator can be formulated containing apowder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base such as lactose orstarch for these systems.

Another type of device that can be used to deliver a compound of formulaI to the lung is a liquid spray device supplied, for example, by AradigmCorporation. Liquid spray systems use extremely small nozzle holes toaerosolize liquid drug formulations that can then be directly inhaledinto the lung.

In a preferred embodiment, a nebulizer device is used to deliver acompound of formula I to the lung. Nebulizers create aerosols fromliquid drug formulations by using, for example, ultrasonic energy toform fine particles that can be readily inhaled (See e.g., Verschoyle etal., British J Cancer, 1999, 80, Suppl 2, 96, which is hereinincorporated by reference). Examples of nebulizers include devicessupplied by Sheffield/Systemic Pulmonary Delivery Ltd. (See, Armer etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,954,047; van der Linden et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,950,619; van der Linden et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,974, which areherein incorporated by reference), Aventis and Batelle PulmonaryTherapeutics. Inhaled compound of formula I, delivered by nebulizerdevices, is currently under investigation as a treatment foraerodigestive cancer (Engelke et al., Poster 342 at American Associationof Cancer Research, San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 1-5, 2000) and lungcancer (Dahl et al., Poster 524 at American Association of CancerResearch, San Francisco, Calif., Apr. 1-5, 2000).

In a particularly preferred embodiment, an electrohydrodynamic (“EHD”)aerosol device is used to deliver a compound of formula I to the lung.EHD aerosol devices use electrical energy to aerosolize liquid drugsolutions or suspensions (see e.g., Noakes et al., U.S. Pat. No.4,765,539; Coffee, U.S. Pat. No., 4,962,885; Coffee, PCT Application, WO94/12285; Coffee, PCT Application, WO 94/14543; Coffee, PCT Application,WO 95/26234, Coffee, PCT Application, WO 95/26235, Coffee, PCTApplication, WO 95/32807, which are herein incorporated by reference).The electrochemical properties of the compound of formula I formulationmay be important parameters to optimize when delivering this drug to thelung with an EHD aerosol device and such optimization is routinelyperformed by one of skill in the art. EHD aerosol devices may moreefficiently delivery drugs to the lung than existing pulmonary deliverytechnologies. Other methods of intra-pulmonary delivery of a compound offormula I will be known to the skilled artisan and are within the scopeof the invention.

Liquid drug formulations suitable for use with nebulizers and liquidspray devices and EHD aerosol devices will typically include a compoundof formula I with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Preferably, thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier is a liquid such as alcohol, water,polyethylene glycol or a perfluorocarbon. Optionally, another materialmay be added to alter the aerosol properties of the solution orsuspension of a compound of formula I. Preferably, this material isliquid such as an alcohol, glycol, polyglycol or a fatty acid. Othermethods of formulating liquid drug solutions or suspension suitable foruse in aerosol devices are known to those of skill in the art (See,e.g., Biesalski, U.S. Pat. No. 5,112,598; Biesalski, U.S. Pat. No.5,556,611, which are herein incorporated by reference) A compound offormula I can also be formulated in rectal or vaginal compositions suchas suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventionalsuppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In addition to the formulations described previously, a compound offormula I can also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such longacting formulations can be administered by implantation (for examplesubcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. Thus,for example, the compounds can be formulated with suitable polymeric orhydrophobic materials (for example, as an emulsion in an acceptable oil)or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, forexample, as a sparingly soluble salt.

Alternatively, other pharmaceutical delivery systems can be employed.Liposomes and emulsions are well known examples of delivery vehiclesthat can be used to deliver a compound of formula I. Certain organicsolvents such as dimethylsulfoxide can also be employed, althoughusually at the cost of greater toxicity. A compound of formula I canalso be delivered in a controlled release system. In one embodiment, apump can be used (Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref Biomed Eng., 1987, 14, 201;Buchwald et al., Surgery, 1980, 88, 507; Saudek et al., N. Engl. J Med,1989, 321, 574). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used(see Medical Applications of Controlled Release, Langer and Wise (eds.),CRC Pres., Boca Raton, Fla. (1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability,Drug Product Design and Performance, Smolen and Ball (eds.), Wiley, NewYork (1984); Ranger and Peppas, J Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem.,1983, 23, 61; see also Levy et al., Science 1985, 228, 190; During etal., Ann. Neurol., 1989,25,351; Howard et al., 1989, J. Neurosurg. 71,105). In yet another embodiment, a controlled-release system can beplaced in proximity of the target of the compounds of the invention,e.g., the lung, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose(see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release,supra, vol. 2, pp. 115 (1984)). Other controlled-release system can beused (see e.g. Langer, Science, 1990, 249, 1527).

Suitable excipients (e.g., carriers and diluents) and other materialsthat can be used to provide mucosal dosage forms encompassed by thisinvention are well known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical arts,and depend on the particular site or method which a given pharmaceuticalcomposition or dosage form will be administered. With that fact in mind,typical excipients include, but are not limited to, water, ethanol,ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, isopropyl myristate,isopropyl palmitate, mineral oil, and mixtures thereof, which arenon-toxic and pharmaceutically acceptable. Examples of such additionalingredients are well known in the art. See, e.g., Remington'sPharmaceutical Sciences, 18^(th) eds., Mack Publishing, Easton Pa.(1990).

The pH of a pharmaceutical composition or dosage form, or of the tissueto which the pharmaceutical composition or dosage form is applied, canalso be adjusted to improve delivery of one or more active ingredients.Similarly, the polarity of a solvent carrier, its ionic strength, ortonicity can be adjusted to improve delivery. Compounds such asstearates can also be added to pharmaceutical compositions or dosageforms to advantageously alter the hydrophilicity or lipophilicity of oneor more active ingredients so as to improve delivery. In this regard,stearates can serve as a lipid vehicle for the formulation, as anemulsifying agent or surfactant, and as a delivery-enhancing orpenetration-enhancing agent. Different salts, hydrates or solvates ofthe active ingredients can be used to further adjust the properties ofthe resulting composition.

5. EXAMPLES 5.1 Example 1 SYNTHESIS OF3-[3-(4-ISOPROPYL-PHENYL)-UREIDO]-BENZOIC ACID (COMPOUND 8)

A solution of 3-aminobenzoic acid (0.46 g, 3.4 mmol) indimethylformamide (20 mL) at 0° C. was treated with 4-isopropylphenylisocyanate (0.59 mL, 3.7 mmol). After stirring for 20 h, the solutionwas poured into 200 mL water, and the resulting precipitate wascollected by filtration, washed with water and tetrahydrofuran, anddried under vacuum to afford the title product (0.85 g, 2.9 mmol, 85%)as a powder (m.p. 295-300° C.). TLC Rf 0.20 (ethyl acetate). ¹H NMR(d6-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ 8.82 (1H, s), 8.57 (1H, s), 8.09 (1H, t, J=1.8Hz), 7.58 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 1.1 Hz), 7.51 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 7.36 (1H, t,J=8.0 Hz), 7.34 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.12 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 2.82 (1H,heptet, J=6.9 Hz), 1.17 (6H, d, J=6.9 Hz). MS (ES+): 299

5.2 Example 2 SYNTHESIS OF 3-[3-(4-TERT-BUTYLPHENYL)-UREIDO]-BENZOICACID (COMPOUND 33)

A solution of methyl 3-aminobenzoate (10.0 g, 66.1 mmol) and pyridine (6mL) in dichloromethane (100 mL) was cooled to 0° C., and a solution of4-nitrophenylchloroformate (13.4 g, 66.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (10mL) was added dropwise of 30 min. The resulting solution was stirred for20 h, then partitioned between water and dichloromethane (400 mL each).The organic layer was washed with 0.5 N aq. HCl and brine, and theaqueous phases were back-extracted in sequence with dichloromethane. Theorganic extracts were combined, dried over magnesium sulfate, filteredand evaporated. The resulting solid was triturated with ether, collectedby filtration and dried under vacuum to afford the product,methyl-3-(N-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)amino)benzoate (19.7 g, 62.3 mmol,94%). m.p. 184-186° C. TLC RF 0.33 (30:70 ethyl acetate-hexane). ¹H NMR(300 MHz, CDCl3): δ 9.38 (1H, s), 8.28 (H, d, J=9.1 Hz), 8.22 (1H, d,J=9.1 Hz), 8.12 (1H, d), 7.76 (1H, d, J=7 Hz), 7.71 (1H, d, J=7 Hz),7.45 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 7.35 (1H, t, J=7 Hz), 7.33 (1H, d, J=9 Hz), 3.85(3H, s). MS (ESI): m/e 334 (21), 142 (100).

A solution of methyl-3-[N-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)amino]benzoate (0.19g, 0.60 mmol) and 4-tert-butylaniline (0.10 mL, 0.60 mmol) in pyridine(5 mL) was heated to reflux for 16 h. The solution was cooled andevaporated, and the residual material was taken up in ethyl acetate (100mL). This was washed with 1 N aq. sodium hydroxide and brine, dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residual solid wastriturated with ether, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum toafford the product, methyl-3-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-ureido]-benzoate,as a solid (0.19 g, 0.58 mmol, 97%).

A solution of methyl-3-[3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-ureido]-benzoate (0.19 g,0.58 mmol) in pyridine (15 mL) was treated with anhydrous lithium iodide(0.78 g, 6.0 mmol), and the resulting solution was heated to reflux for20 h. The solution was cooled and partially evaporated, and the residualmaterial was partitioned between 1 N aq. HCl and ethyl acetate. Theaqueous layer was extracted with more ethyl acetate, and the organicextracts were washed with brine, combined, dried over magnesium sulfate,filtered, and evaporated. The remaining powdery solid was trituratedwith ether, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to afford thetitle compound (0.12 g, 0.39 mmol, 66%). m.p. 147-148° C. ¹H NMR(d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): d 8.58 (1H, s), 8.10 (1H, t, J=2 Hz), 7.72-7.62 (2H,m), 7.40-7.25 (5H,m), 6.53 (1H, s), 1.25 (9H, s).

5.3 Example 3 SYNTHESIS OF3-[3-(4-ISOPROPYLPHENYL)-2,5-DIOXO-IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]-BENZOIC ACIDSODIUM SALT (COMPOUND 1)

A solution of 4-isopropylaniline (5.05 g, 37.3 mmol), methylbromoacetate (5.99 g, 39.2 mmol) and anhydrous sodium acetate (3.21 g)in absolute methanol (30 mL) was heated to reflux for 2 h. The solutionwas cooled and poured into 300 mL water. The resulting solid wascollected by filtration and recrystallized from ethanol/water to affordpure product, methyl-2-(4-isopropylanilino)acetate, m.p. 35-36° C. (4.53g, 55%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.06 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 6.57 (2H, d,J=8.2 Hz), 4.18 (1H, v br), 3.90 (2H, s), 3.78 (3H, s), 2.81 (1H, m,J=7.0 Hz), 1.20 (6H, d, J=7.0 Hz). Mass spectrum (ES+): m/z 209 (3), 208(31), 148 (100).

A solution of methyl-2-(4-isopropylanilino)acetate (1.10 g, 5.31 mmol)in toluene (30 mL) was treated with methyl 3-isocyanatobenzoate (1.03g), and the resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 20h. The reaction mixture was evaporated, and a portion (0.6 g) of theresulting solid material used directly in the next step. The compoundwas dissolved in methanol, and treated with sodium methoxide (0.84 mL of0.5 M in methanol). The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h, thenevaporated and partitioned between water and ethyl acetate (50 mL each).The organic extract was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate,filtered and evaporated. The residual material was separated bypreparative thin-layer chromatography (silica gel, 30:70 ethylacetate-hexane) to afford pure product,methyl-3-[3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,5-DIOXO-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoate,as a waxy solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 8.16 (1H, t, J=1.8 Hz), 8.07(1H, dt, J=7.6, 1.5 Hz), 7.67 (1H, ddd, J=8.0, 2.0, 1.1 Hz), 7.56 (1H,t, J=7.9 Hz), 7.51 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.27 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 4.47 (2H,s), 3.92 (3H, s), 2.91 (1H, m, J=7.0 Hz), 1.25 (6H, d, J=7.0 Hz). Massspectrum (ES+): m/z 353 (36), 321 (100).

A solution ofmethyl-3-[3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoate(0.69 g, 1.96 mmol) and lithium iodide (2.62 g) in pyridine (10 mL) washeated to reflux for 40 h. The solution was cooled and evaporated, andthe residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and 1 N aqueous HCl.The organic layer was washed with water and brine, then dried overmagnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated. The residual material wasseparated by column chromatography (silica gel, 50:50 ethylacetate-hexane then ethyl acetate) to afford the product,3-[3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid, as apowder (0.33 g, 0.98 mmol, 50%). m.p. 224-226° C. TLC Rf (20:80CH3OH-CH2Cl2) 0.3. ¹H NMR (CDCl³, 300 MHz): δ 8.24 (1H, t, J=2 Hz), 8.14(1H, dt, J=8, 2 Hz), 7.73 (1H, dt, J=8, 2, 1 Hz), 7.61 (1H, t, J=7 Hz),7.51 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.28 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 4.50 (2H, s), 2.92 (1H, m,J=7 Hz), 1.25 (6H, d, J=7 Hz). Mass spectrum (ES+): m/z 340 (21), 339(100). Elemental analysis: calculated for C₁₉H₁₈N₂O₄.0.149H₂O C 66.91, H5.41, N 8.21; observed C 66.82, H 5.17, N 8.19.

5.4 Example 4 SYNTHESIS OF3-[3-(4-ISOPROPYLPHENYL)-2,5-DIOXO-IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]-BENZOIC ACIDSODIUM SALT (SODIUM SALT OF COMPOUND 1)

A portion of the3-[3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acidsodium hydride suspension (116 mg, 55% w/w) was washed free of mineraloil with hexane, the hexane decanted off, and the remaining solid takenup 5 mL THF. The resulting suspension was cooled in an ice bath while asolution of3-[3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid (0.90g, 2.66 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was slowly added. After hydrogen gasevolution was complete, the mixture was stirred for an additional 18 h,filtered free of excess sodium hydride, and evaporated. The resultingsolid was triturated with acetone, collected by filtration, washed withhexane, and dried under vacuum to afford the title compound (0.51 g,1.42 mmol, 53%). m.p. 281-284° C. Mass spectrum (ES+): m/z 340 (14), 339(100). Elemental analysis: calculated for C₁₉H₁₇N₂O₄Na.1.1H₂O C 60.03, H5.09, N 7.37; observed C 59.99, H 5.02, N 7.26.

5.5 Example 5 SYNTHESIS OF3-[3-(4-TERT-BUTYLPHENYL)-2,5-DIOXO-IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]-BENZOIC ACID(COMPOUND 28)

A solution of 4-tert-butylaniline (3.02 g, 20.2 mmol) and benzylbromoacetate (4.70 g, 20.5 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (40 mL) wastreated with sodium ethoxide (2.08 g) at ambient temperature withstirring for 6 h. The mixture was evaporated, and the residue waspartitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The aqueous layer wasextracted with more ethyl acetate, and the extracts were combined, driedover anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to afford theproduct (3.85 g), benzyl-N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)glycine, as abrown-colored oil, sufficiently pure for the next step. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,300 MHz): δ 7.40-7.35 (5H, m), 7.23 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 6.59 (2H, d, J=8Hz), 5.22 (2H, s), 4.21 (1H, br s), 3.98 (2H, s), 1.29 (9H, s).

A solution of benzyl-N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)glycine (1.20 g, 4.04 mmol),3-aminobenzoic acid (0.55 g, 4.01 mmol) and diphenylcarbonate (0.87 g,4.06 mmol) in cresol (4 mL) was heated to reflux for 5 h. The mixturewas cooled, poured into 20 mL diethyl ether, and filtered. The solidproduct as named in the title was dried under vacuum (1.10 g, 3.12 mmol,78%). m.p. 256-258° C. ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): δ 8.01 (1H, t, J=2Hz), 7.98 (1H, dt, J=8, 2 Hz), 7.70-7.62 (2H, m), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8 Hz),7.43 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 4.60 (2H, s), 1.28 (9H, s). Mass spectrum (ES+):m/z 354 (23), 353 (100). Elemental analysis: calculated for C₂₀H₂₀N₂O₄ C68.07, H 5.85, N 7.61; observed C 68.17, H 5.72, N 7.95.

5.6 Example 6 SYNTHESIS OF3-[1-(4-ISOPROPYLPHENYL)-2,5-DIOXO-IMIDAZOLIDIN-3-YL]-BENZOIC ACID(COMPOUND 9)

A solution of methyl 3-aminobenzoate (4.00 g, 26.5 mmol), methylbromoacetate (4.05 g, 26.5 mmol) and sodium acetate (1.1 eq.) inmethanol (30 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature for 48 h. Theresulting white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with asmall amount of methanol, and dried under vacuum to affordmethyl-N-(3-carbomethoxyphenyl)glycine (2.69 g, 12.1 mmol, 45%). ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.41 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.28-7.20 (2H, m), 6.79 (1H,d, J=8 Hz), 4.43 (1H, br), 3.97 (2H, s), 3.90 (3H, s), 3.80 (3H, s).

A solution of methyl-N-(3-carbomethoxyphenyl)glycine (0.51 g, 2.28 mmol)and 4-isopropylphenyl isocyanate (0.40 g, 2.48 mmol) in xylene (5 mL)was heated to reflux for 20 h. The mixture was cooled, and 1 eq.triethylamine was added by syringe. The mixture was again heated toreflux for 24 h, then was partially evaporated. The crude condensationproduct thus obtained was taken directly into the next step.

The condensation product was treated with a methanolic solution ofsodium methoxide (2 mL, 0.5 M), and the reaction mixture was stirred atambient temperature for 20 h, then evaporated under high vacuum (toremove residual xylene from the first step). Methanol was added (ca. 2mL), and the resulting solid (methyl3-[1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-3-yl]-benzoate) wascollected by filtration and dried under vacuum (0.30 g, 0.85 mmol, 30%).¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz):δ 8.09 (1H, t, J=2 Hz), 8.02 (1H, dt, J=8, 2Hz), 7.84 (1H, dt, J=8, 2 Hz), 7.48 (1H, t, J=8 Hz), 7.33 (4H, s), 4.53(2H, s), 3.92 (3H, s), 2.96 (1H, m, J=7 Hz), 1.25 (6H, d, J=7 Hz).

A solution of methyl3-[1-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-3-yl]-benzoate (0.30 g,0.85 mmol) in pyridine (2 mL) was treated with anhydrous lithium iodide(1.5 g, 11.2 mmol), and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 4h. The solution was cooled, evaporated and partitioned between ethylacetate and 1N aq. HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with more ethylacetate, and the extracts were washed with satd. aq. brine, combined,dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated toafford the title product as a solid (0.21 g, 0.62 mmol, 73%), m.p.249-252° C. ¹H NMR (d₆-DMSO, 300 MHz): d 13.09 (1H, br), 8.29 (1H, t,J=2 Hz), 7.82 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.72 (1H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.56 (1H, t, J=8Hz), 7.38 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 7.31 (2H, d, J=8 Hz), 4.62 (2H, s), 2.96 (1H,m, J=7 Hz), 1.22 (6H, d, J=7 Hz). Mass spectrum (ES+): m/z 340 (18), 339(100). Elemental analysis: calculated for C₁₉H₁₈N₂O₄ C 67.45, H 5.32, N8.28; observed C 67.26, H 5.10, N 8.12.

5.7 Example 7 SYNTHESIS OF 3-[3-HYDROXYCARBONYLMETHYL-3-(4-ISOPROPYLPHENYL)UREIDO-1-YL]BENZOIC ACID, DISODIUMSALT (COMPOUND 4)

3-[3-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-y]-benzoic acid sodiumsalt (0.56 g) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL), and 5 N aq.sodium hydroxide was added. The mixture was stirred for 20 h, then wasfiltered. The solid was dissolved in acetone and filtered, and thefiltrate was evaporated. The resulting residue was triturated withhexane, collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to afford thetitle product (0.23 g) as a white hydroscopic solid. Mass spectrum(ES+): m/z 357 (100) (the diacid). Elemental analysis: calculated forC₁₉H₁₈N₂O₅Na₂.2.2H₂O C 51.87, H 5.13, N 6.37; observed C 51.96, H 4.94,N 6.21.

5.8 Example 8 SYNTHESIS OF3-[3-(3-METHOXY-PHENYL)-2,4-DIOXO-IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]-BENZOIC ACID(COMPOUND 11)

3.28 g of Rink Amide resin(4-(2′,4′-dimethyoxyphenyl-Fmoc-aminomethyl)-phenoxy resin) wassuspended in dry dimethylformamide (50 mL) for 10 min and the solventwas drained. To the resin was added 20% piperidine in dimethylformamide(50 mL) and agitated 30 min at room temperature. The solvents weredrained and the resin was washed with dichloromethane (3×50 mL×1 min),dimethylformamide (3×50 mL×1 min), methanol (3×50 mL×1 min), anddichloromethane (3×50 mL×1 min). The resin was vacuum dried for 4 h.

Deprotected rink amide resin in dichloromethane (50 mL) was agitated for10 min at room temperature, and then the solvent was drained. To asolution of bromoacetic acid (5.56 g) in 50%dimethylformamide/dichloromethane (50 mL) was addeddiisopropylcarbodiimide (4.91 mL) and stirred 5 min at room temperature.To the resin was added the reaction mixture and agitated 6 h at roomtemperature. The solvents were drained, and the resin was washed withdichloromethane (3×20 mL×10 min), dimethylformamide (3×20 mL×10 min),methanol (3×20 mL×10 min), and dichloromethane (3×20 mL×10 min). Theresin was vacuum dried for 4 h. The desired product was analyzed bycleavage of a small amount of the reacted resin withtriethylsilane/trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane(10/50/40). LC/MS(ESI) m/z 138 [M+H]+ and 95% purity.

To a suspension of bromoacetyl-rein (100 mg) in anhydrousdimethylformamide (1.5 mL) was added 3-aminobenzoic acid (150 mg). Thereaction mixture was agitated overnight at room temperature. Thesolvents were drained, and the resin was washed with dichloromethane(3×10 mL×10 min), dimethylformamide (3×10 mL×10 min), methanol (3×10mL×10 min), and dichloromethane (3×10 mL×10 min). The resin was vacuumdried for 4 h. The desired product was analyzed by cleavage of a smallamount of the reacted resin with triethylsilane/trifluoroaceticacid/dichloromethane(10/50/40). LC/MS (ESI) m/z 195 [M+H]⁺ and 95%purity.

To a suspension of 3-aminobenzoic acid substituted resin in anhydrousdichloromethane (1.5 mL) was added 3-methoxyphenylisocyanate (150 mg).The reaction mixture was agitated overnight at room temperature. Thesolvents were drained, and the resin was washed with dichloromethane(3×20 mL×10 min), dimethylformamide (3×20 mL×10 min), methanol (3×20mL×10 min), and dichloromethane (3×20 mL×10 min). The resin was vacuumdried for 4 h. The desired product was analyzed by cleavage of a smallamount of the reacted resin with trietylsilane/trifluoroaceticacid/dichloromethane(10/50/40). LC/MS (ESI) m/z 344 [M+H]⁺ and 90%purity.

The resin was treated with triethylsilane/trifluoroaceticacid/dichloromethane(10/50/40) for 1 hour at room temperature and thesolvents were drained and the resin washed with dichloromethane. Thecombined solvents were concentrated under reduced pressure, and theproduct was purified by preparative LC/MS eluting withacetonitrile-water gradient to afford the desired product as a whitesolid. LC/MS m/z 327 [M+H]⁺.

5.9 Example 9 SYNTHESIS OF3-[3-(2-CHLORO-BENZYL)-2,5-DIOXO-IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]-BENZOIC ACID(COMPOUND 5)

3.0 g of 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin in dichloromethane (50 mL) wasagitated for 10 min at room temperature and the solvent was drained. Toa solution of Fmoc-3-Aminobenzoic acid in anhydrousdichloromethane/dimethylformamide (30 mL) was added the resin and then asolution of diisopropylethylamine/dichloromethane (10 mL) at roomtemperature. The reaction mixture was agitated further 3 h at roomtemperature. The reaction was quenched with addition of 10 mL methanol,and the solvents were drained, and the resin was washed withdichloromethane (3×20 mL×10 min), dimethylformamide (3×20 mL×10 min),methanol (3×20 mL×10 min), and dichloromethane (3×20 mL×10 min). Theresin was vacuum dried for 4 h. 10 mg of resin was treated withtrifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane/triethylsilane (20/70/10) for 10min at room temperature and analyzed by LC/MS. LC/MS m/z 360 [M+H]⁺.

Fmoc-3-aminobenzoic ester of 2-chlorotrityl resin (1 g) indichloromethane (5 mL) was suspended for 10 min at room temperature andthe solvent was drained. To the resin was added 20% piperidine indimethylformamide (5 mL) and agitated 30 min at room temperature. Thesolvents were drained and the resin was re-suspended in 20% piperidinein dimethylformamide (5 mL) and agitated further 30 min at roomtemperature. The solvents were drained and the resin was washed withdichloromethane (3×50 mL×1 min), dimethylformamide (3×50 mL×1 min),methanol (3×50 mL×1 min), and dichloromethane (3×50 mL×1 min). 10 mg ofresin was treated with trifluoroaceticacid/dichloromethane/triethylsilane (20/70/10) for 10 min at roomtemperature and analyzed by LC/MS. LC/MS m/z 138 [M+H]⁺.

3.0 g of 3-aminobenzoic ester resin in dichloromethane (50 mL) wassuspended for 10 min at room temperature and the solvent was drained. Toa solution of bromoacetic acid (4.25 g) in anhydrous dichloromethane (30mL) was added diisopropylcarbodiimide (3.76 mL) and stirred 5 min atroom temperature. The diisopropylcarbodiimide activated acid was addedto the resin and agitated for 18 h at room temperature. The solventswere drained, and the resin was washed with dichloromethane (3×20 mL×10min), dimethylformamide (3×20 mL×10 min), methanol (3×20 mL×10 min), anddichloromethane (3×20 mL×10 min). 10 mg of resin was treated withtrifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane/triethylsilane(20/70/10) for 10 minat room temperature and analyzed by LC/MS. LC/MS m/z 258 [M+H]⁺.

To a suspension of bromoacetyl-rein (100 mg) in anhydrousdimethylformamide (1.5 mL) was added 2-chlorobenzyl amine (150 mg). Thereaction mixture was agitated overnight at room temperature. Thesolvents were drained, and the resin was washed with dichloromethane(3×5 mL×10 min), dimethylformamide (3×5 mL×10 min), methanol (3×5 mL×10min), and dichloromethane (3×5 mL×10 min). The resin was dried underreduced pressure. 1 mg of resin was treated with trifluoroaceticacid/dichloromethane/triethylsilane(20/70/10) for 10 min at roomtemperature and analyzed by LC/MS. LC/MS m/z 319 [M+H]⁺.

To a suspension of resin-bound urea intermediate (100 mg) in anhydrousdimethylformamide (1.5 mL) was added carbonyldiimidazole (52 mg). Thereaction mixture was agitated overnight at room temperature. Thesolvents were drained, and the resin was washed with dichloromethane(3×5 mL×10 min), dimethylformamide (3×5 mL×10 min), methanol (3×5 mL×10min), and dichloromethane (3×5 mL×10 min). The resin was dried underreduced pressure. The cyclized resin was treated with trifluoroaceticacid/dichloromethane/triethylsilane(20/70/10) for 60 min at roomtemperature and the product was purified by preparative LC/MS elutingwith acetonitrile-water gradient to afford the desired product as awhite solid. LC/MS m/z 345 [M+H]⁺.

5.10 Example 10 SYNTHESIS OF3-[5-(4-ISOPROPYL-PHENYL)-1,1-DIOXO-1L⁶-[1,2,5]THIADIAZOLIDIN-2-YL]-BENZOICACID (COMPOUND 15)

A solution of ethyl 3-aminobenzoate (5.00 g, 30.3 mmol) in chloroform(30.0 mL) was stirred at 0° C. as chlorosulfonic acid (1.00 mL, 15.0mmol) was added over 15 minutes with stirring. After addition thereaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 17 hours. Thereaction mixture was extracted with 5% aqueous Na₂CO₃. The combinedbasic aqueous extract was washed with ether (4×20 mL) and concentratedto give a colorless solid. The solid was suspended in absolute ethanol(250 mL), heated at reflux for 10 minutes and filtered while hot. Thefiltrate was concentrated to give the product 3-sulfoamino-benzoic acidethyl ester sodium salt as a colorless solid (1.73 g, 42% yield). m.p.265(dec.)° C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz): δ 8.18 (1H, m), 7.67 (1H, m),7.21 (3H, m), 4.26 (2H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 1.29 (3H, t, J=6.9 Hz).

A suspension of the 3-sulfoamino-benzoic acid ethyl ester sodium salt(1.70 g, 6.36 mmol) in toluene (22 mL) was stirred at ambienttemperature as phosphorous pentachloride (1.59 g, 7.64 mmol) was added.The mixture was heated at reflux for 24 h. The reaction mixture wasfiltered, concentrated and heated with stirring under high vacuum to110° C., then cooled to ambient temperature to give 1.48 g of3-sulfamoylchloride benzoic acid ethyl ester as a tan solid (88% yield).¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 9.04 (1H, br s), 8.17 (1H, s), 7.99 (1H, dd,J=1.2, 7.8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, dd, J=2.1, 8.1 Hz), 7.53 (1H, t, J=8.1 Hz),4.47 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 1.44 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz).

A solution of 3-sulfamoylchloride benzoic acid ethyl ester (0.529 g,2.01 mmol) in anhydrous chloroform (10 mL) was stirred at ambienttemperature as 4-isopropylaniline (0.301 g, 2.23 mmol) was added over 2minutes. After addition, triethylamine (0.420 mL, 3.01 mmol) was addedand the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 17hours. The reaction mixture was washed with 10% aqueous hydrochloricacid (2×4 mL), water (4 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentratedto give 0.74 g of the diphenylsulfamide as a tan solid. The product waspurified by silica gel chromatography (24 g column, eluting with 1-3%ethyl acetate/methylene chloride) to give the product (0.355 g, 49%yield). m.p. 146-147° C. TLC R_(f) (30% ethyl acetate/hexanes) 0.46. ¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz): δ 10.36 (1H, s), 10.16 (1H, s), 7.69 (1H, s),7.53 (1H, m), 7.38 (2H, m), 7.09 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.99 (2H, d, J=8.7Hz), 4.26 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 2.74 (1H, m, J=6.9 Hz), 1.28 (3H, t, J=7.2Hz), 1.12 (6H, d, J=6.9 Hz). Mass spectrum (ES+): m/z 363 (40), 299(100).

A solution of 3-(((4-isopropyl)amino)sulfonyl)amino-benzoic acid ethylester (0.0943 g, 0.260 mmol) in anhydrous acetonitrile (5.2 mL) wasstirred at ambient temperature as potassium carbonate (0.143 g, 1.04mmol) and 1,2-dibromoethane (0.069 mL, 0.80 mmol) were added. Thereaction mixture was heated at reflux for 17 h. The mixture was cooledto ambient temperature and the solid was filtered, washed withacetonitrile and discarded. The filtrate was concentrated to give thecrude product which was purified by silica gel chromatography (3 gcolumn, elated with 20% ethyl acetate/hexane) to give the product (0.084g, 83% yield). m.p. 114-115° C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz): δ 7.84 (2H, m),7.64 (1H, m), 7.46 (1H, t, J=8.1 Hz), 7.28 (4H, m), 4.38 (2H, q, J=7.0Hz), 4.03 (4H, m), 2.91 (1H, m, J=6.9 Hz), 1.40 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.25(6H, d, J=6.9 Hz). Mass spectrum (ES+): m/z 148(100), 389 (48).

A suspension of the cyclic sulfamide product prepared above (0.0740 g,0.190 mmol) in absolute methyl alcohol (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) wasstirred at ambient temperature as potassium hydroxide (0.099 g, 1.76mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 17h. The mixture was acidified with 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid to a pHof 2. The mixture was concentrated to give a solid which was suspendedin water, filtered, washed with water and dried to give the product(0.0639 g, 93% yield). m.p. 255-256° C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz): δ7.85 (1H, br s), 7.75 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.57 (2H, m), 7.29 (H, m), 4.05(4H, dd, J=5.1, 12.6 Hz), 2.89 (1H, m, J=6.9 Hz), 1.20 (6H, d, J=6.9Hz). Mass spectrum (ES+): m/z 148(100), 361 (35).

5.11 Example 11 SYNTHESIS OF3-[6-(4-ISOPROPYL-PHENYL)-1,1-DIOXO-1L⁶-[1,2,6]THIADIAZINAN-2-YL]-BENZOICACID (COMPOUND 7)

A solution of 3-sulfamide benzoic acid ethyl ester (0.066 g, 0.18 mmol)in anhydrous acetonitrile (3.8 mL) was stirred at ambient temperature aspotassium carbonate (0.100 g, 0.724 mmol) and 1,3-diiodopropane (0.0563g, 0.190 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture was heated at reflux for3 h. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and the solid wasfiltered, washed with acetonitrile and discarded. The filtrate wasconcentrated to give the crude product which was purified by silica gelchromatography (4 g column, elated with 15% ethyl acetate/hexane) togive the product (0.064 g, 87% yield) as an amber oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,300 MHz): δ 8.21 (1H, m), 7.95 (1H, m), 7.71 (1H, m), 7.354 (3H, m),7.23 (2H, m), 4.38 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 3.98 (4H, m), 2.91 (1H, m, J=6.9Hz), 2.05 (2H, m), 1.41 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.24 (6H, d, J=6.9 Hz). Massspectrum (ES+); m/z 403(100).

A suspension of the cyclic sulfamide product prepared above (0.0450 g,0.112 mmol) in absolute methyl alcohol (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) wasstirred at ambient temperature as potassium hydroxide (0.067 g, 1.02mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 48h. The mixture was acidified with 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid to a pHof 2. The mixture was concentrated to give a solid which was suspendedin water, filtered, washed with water and dried to give the product(0.0352 g, 84% yield). m.p. 199-200° C. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz): δ13.19 (1H, br s), 8.07 (1H, s), 7.87 (1H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 7.71 (1H, m),7.56 (1H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 7.30 (2H, d, J=8.1 Hz),3.90 (4H, m), 2.91 (1H, m, J=6.9 Hz), 1.97 (2H, m), 1.21 (6H, d, J=6.9Hz). Mass spectrum (ES+): m/z 375(100).

5.12 Example 12 SYNTHESIS OF3-[3-(4-ISOPROPYLPHENYL)-2-OXO-2,3-DIHYDROIMIDAZOL-1-YL]BENZOIC ACID(COMPOUND 35)

To a mixture of 4-isopropylaniline (4.05 g, 30.0 mmol) and potassiumcarbonate (6.21 g, 45 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) at room temperature wasadded 2-bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane (6.50 g, 33.0 mmol). The mixture wasthen stirred at 80-90° C. until all of the 4-isopropylaniline wasconsumed (24 h). The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue wastreated with dichloromethane (150 mL), washed with water and brine,dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, and then concentrated. Chromatography(silica gel, hexanes:ethyl acetate, 9:1) of the crude product, furnishedthe pure intermediate, N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,2-diethoxyethylamine, asa colorless oil (5.71 g, 75.8%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ (ppm)1.18-1.32(m, 12H), 2.75-2.91 (m, 1H), 3.24 (d, 2H), 3.52-3.62 (m, 2H),3.67-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, br, 1H), 4.70 (t, 1H), 6.60 (d, 2H), 7.05(d, 2H).

A solution of N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,2-diethoxyethylamine (0.50 g, 2.0mmol) prepared above and 3-carbomethoxyphenyl isocyanate (0.36 g, 2.05mmol) in dry dichloromethane (10 mL) was stirred at room temperatureovernight. The solution was then chromatographed (silica gel,hexanes:ethyl acetate, 8:2) to give the pure urea,3-[3-(2,2-diethoxyethyl)-3-(4-isopropylphenyl)ureido]benzoic acid methylester as a colorless oil (0.73 g, 85.3%). MS (ES−) m/z: 427. This wasthen stirred with HCl (0.5 M, 50 mL) at 80° C. for 4 h. After cooling toroom temperature, the white precipitate formed was collected andpurified by chromatography (silica gel, dichloromethane:ethyl acetate,9:1) to give pure methyl3-[3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazol-1-yl]benzoate aswhite solid [0.42 g, 73.7%, MS (ES+) m/z: 337]. The solid was thentreated with boron tribromide in dichloromethane (1.0 M, 4.0 mL) at roomtemperature overnight. The volatiles were removed in vacuum and theresidue was suspended in water and stirred for 30 min. The solid wascollected by filtration and washed with water to furnish3-[3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazol-1-yl]benzoic acid(0.40 g, 100%). m.p. 283-285° C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ (ppm) 1.24(d, 6H), 2.84-3.00 (m, 1H), 6.69 (d, 1H), 6.74 (d, 1H), 7.26 (d, 2H),7.45-7.54 (m, 3H), 7.91 (d, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H), 8.12 (s, 1H). MS (ES−)m/z: 321.

Compound 37 shown in Table 1 above was prepared in the same fashion asdescribed above, by using 3-carbomethoxyphenyl thioisocyanate instead of3-carbomethoxyphenyl isocyanate for thiourea formation.

5.13 Example 13 3-[3-(3-ISOPROPYLPHENYL)-2-OXO-IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]BENZOICACID (COMPOUND 36)

To a solution of methyl 3-aminobenzoate (4.53 g, 30.0 mmol) andtriethylamine (3.54 g, 4.88 mL, 35.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 mL),at 0° C. while stirring, was added bromoacetyl bromide (6.66 g, 2.9 mL,33.0 mmol) dropwise. After the addition, the mixture was stirred at roomtemperature overnight and passed through a short silica pad. The crudeproduct, 3-(2-bromoacetylamino)benzoic acid methyl ester (8.09 g,99.1%), obtained after the removal of the solvent (>99% by LC/MS, MS(ES+) m/z: 272, 274) was used without further purification.

3-(2-Bromoacetylamino)benzoic acid methyl ester (8.09 g, 29.7 mmol)prepare above was mixed with potassium carbonate (4.93 g, 35.7 mmol) and4-isopropylaniline (4.41 g, 32.7 mmol) in DMF (100 mL), and the mixturewas stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then removedin vacuum and the residue was suspended in dichloromethane. The solidwas filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated to give crudeproduct, which was chromatographed (silica gel, hexanes:ethyl acetate,8:2) to give 3-[2-(3-isopropylphenylamino)acetylamino]benzoic acidmethyl ester as a pale yellow oil (8.18 g, 84.5%). MS (ES+) m/z: 327.

3-[2-(3-Isopropylphenylamino)acetylamino]benzoic acid methyl ester (3.26g, 10.0 mmol) prepared above was treated with BH₃.THF (1.0 M, 40.0 mL,40.0 mmol) at room temperature for 24 h. The excess borane was destroyedby the addition of HCl (6 M, 10 mL). THF was removed in vacuum and theresidue was diluted with water and basified. The organics were separatedand the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane. The organicswere combined and washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrousNa₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude product obtained after the removal ofthe solvent in vacuum was chromatographed (silica gel,dichloromethane:ethyl acetate, 9.5:0.5) to furnish3-[2-(3-isopropylphenylamino)ethylamino]benzoic acid methyl ester as acolorless oil (2.28 g, 73.1%). MS (ES+) m/z: 313.

To the solution of 3-[2-(3-isopropylphenylamino)ethylamino]benzoic acidmethyl ester (0.83 g, 2.7 mmol) prepared above in dry 1,2-dichloroethane(5.0 mL) was added, under nitrogen, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (0.65 g,4.0 mmol). The mixture was then heated at 90° C. for 24 h. After coolingto room temperature, the mixture was washed with water, diluted HCl,water and brine, then dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Thecrude product was obtained after the removal of the solvent and furtherpurified by column chromatography (silica gel, hexanes:ethyl acetate,9:1) to give methyl3-[3-(3-isopropylphenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoate as colorlessneedles (0.78 g, 85.7%). MS (ES+) m/z: 339.

Methyl 3-[3-(3-isopropylphenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoateobtained above (0.34 g, 1.0 mmol) was heated with NaOH (1.25 M, 2.0 mL,2.5 mmol) in THF (5 mL) to reflux and stirred for 7 h. After cooling,THF was removed in vacuum and the residue was diluted with water (10mL), followed by acidification. The precipitate was collected byfiltration and washed with water, dried in air to furnish desire product3-[3-(3-Isopropylphenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]-benzoic acid (0.32 g,100%). m.p. 189-190° C. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ (ppm) 1.19 (d, 6H),2.78-2.90 (m, 1H), 3.93 (s, 4H), 6.89 (d, 1H), 7.16-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.34(t, 1H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 8.04 (d, 1H). MS(ES−) m/z: 323.

Compounds 34, 38, 40-43 and 60 were prepared in the same fashion asdescribed above using either 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole or1,1′-thiocarbonyldiimidazole in the ring closure step.

5.14 Example 143-[2-OXO-3-(4-PYRROLIDIN-1-YL-PHENYL)-IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]-BENZOIC ACID(COMPOUND 44)

The methyl ester of 3-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoicacid (0.42 g, 1.0 mmol) prepared as in Example 13 was mixed with2-pyrolidinone (0.10 g, 0.09 mL, 1.2 mmol), CuI (0.02 g, 0.10 mmol),Cs₂CO₃ (0.65 g, 2.0 mmol), trans-1,2-hexanediamine (0.01 g, 0.01 mL, 0.1mmol) and dioxane (5 mL). The mixture was heated at 110° C. withstirring for 12 h under nitrogen. After cooling to room temperature, themixture was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted withdichloromethane (10 mL×3) and the combined extracts were washed withwater, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, and then concentrated. Thecrude product obtained after the removal of the solvent waschromatographed (silica, dichloromethane:ethyl acetate, 9:1) to providepure product,3-{2-oxo-3-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]imidazolidin-1-yl}benzoicacid methyl ester, as white solid (0.34 g, 89.5%). MS (ES+) m/z: 380.

3-{2-Oxo-3-[4-(2-oxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl]imidazolidin-1-yl}benzoicacid methyl ester obtained above (0.061 g, 0.16 mmol) in THF (3.0 mL)was treated with BH₃.THF (1.0 M, 0.32 mL, 0.32 mmol) at room temperaturefor 24 h. The excess borane was destroyed by the addition of HCl (6 M,1.0 mL). THF was removed in vacuo and the residue was diluted with waterand basified. The organics were separated and the aqueous phase wasextracted with dichloromethane. The organics layers were combined andwashed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, which waslater discarded. The crude product,3-[2-oxo-3-(4-pyrrolidin-1-ylphenyl)imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoic acidmethyl ester, obtained after the removal of the solvent in vacuo wasanalyzed by LC/MS and revealed to be >99% pure[MS (ES+) m/z: 366], andwas used without further purification.

The above ester was heated with NaOH (1.25 M, 0.26 mL, 0.32 mmol) in THF(3 mL) to reflux and stirred for 7 h. After cooling, THF was removed invacuo and the residue was diluted with water (5 mL), followed byneutralization to pH 6. The precipitate was collected by filtration andwashed with water, dried in air to furnish desire product3-[2-Oxo-3-(4-pyrrolidin-1-yl-phenyl)imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoic acid(0.056 g, 100%). m.p. 276-278 (decomp.). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃/DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz)δ (ppm) 1.72 (t, 4H), 2.95 (t, 4H), 3.68 (s, 4H), 6.45 (d, 2H),7.20-7.37 (m, 3H), 7.60 (d, 1H), 7.90-8.00 (m, 2H). MS (ES−) m/z: 350.

5.15 Example 153-[2-OXO-3-(4-PIPERIDIN-1-YL-PHENYL)IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]-BENZOIC ACID(COMPOUND 59)

To a solution of methyl 3-aminobenzoate (4.53 g, 30.0 mmol) in drytoluene (50 mL) was added 2-chloroethylisocyante (3.48 g, 2.81 mL, 33.0mmol). The mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 12 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, the solid was collected by filtration and washed withtoluene, water and dried in air to provide urea,3-[3-(2-chloro-ethyl)ureido]benzoic acid methyl ester [7.41 g,96.2%, >95% pure by LC/MS, MS (ES+) m/z: 257, 259]. The urea (2.56 g,10.0 mmol) was then stirred in DMF (50.0 mL) with K₂CO₃ (1.65 g, 11.98mmol) at room temperature for 12 h. The solid was filtered off and thesolvent was removed in vacuum. The crude product was dissolved indichloromethane and passed through a silica column (50 g) and elutedwith dichloromethane:ethyl acetate, 7:3 to give pure cyclic ureaintermediate, 3-(2-oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)benzoic acid methyl ester, aswhite crystalline material (5.36 g, 81.5%). MS (ES+) m/z: 221.

3-(2-Oxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)benzoic acid methyl ester (0.128 g, 0.58mmol) prepared above was mixed with 4-piperidin-1-yl iodobenzene (0.201g, 0.70 mmol), CuI (0.011 g, 0.06 mmol), K₃PO₄ (0.246 g, 1.16 mmol),N,N′-dimethyl ethylenediamine (0.005 g, 0.006 mL, 0.06 mmol) and dioxane(3 mL). The mixture was heated at 110° C. with stirring for 12 h, andthe solvent was then removed in vacuum. The residue was suspended indichloromethane and passed through a short silica pad, the product,methyl ester of3-[2-Oxo-3-(4-piperidin-1-ylphenyl)imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoic acid, waseluted with dichloromethane:methanol, 9.5:0.5 (0.210 g, 95.5%). MS (ES+)m/z: 380.

The methyl ester of3-[2-Oxo-3-(4-piperidin-1-ylphenyl)imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoic acidobtained above (0.20 g, 0.53 mmol) was heated with NaOH (1.25 M, 1.0 mL,1.25 mmol) in THF (3 mL) to reflux and stirred for 7 h. After cooling,THF was removed in vacuum and the residue was diluted with water (10mL), followed by neutralization to pH 6. The precipitate was collectedby filtration and washed with water, dried in air to furnish desireproduct 3-[2-oxo-3-(4-piperidin-1-ylphenyl)imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoicacid (0.178 g, 92.2%). m.p. 284-286 (decomp.). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ(ppm) 1.38-1.80 (m, 6H), 2.90-3.15 (t, 4H), 3.88 (s, 4H), 6.82 (s, br,2H), 7.19-7.42 (m, 3H), 7.63 (d, 1H), 7.84 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, 1H). MS(ES−) m/z: 364.

Compounds 39, 45-51, 56, 61, 63-79 and 81 can be prepared in the samefashion as described above.

5.16 Example 162-FLUORO-5-[2-OXO-3-(4-TRIFLUOROMETHYL-PHENYL)-IMIDAZOLIDIN-1-YL]-BENZOICACID (COMPOUND 53)

To a solution of methyl 4-trifluoromethylaniline (3.47 g, 21.6 mmol) indry toluene (50 mL) was added 2-chloroethylisocyante (2.50 g, 2.02 mL,23.7 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 40° C. for 12 h. After cooling toroom temperature, the solid was collected by filtration and washed withtoluene, water and dried in air to provide1-(2-chloro-ethyl)-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea [5.28 g, 92.0%, >95%pure by LC/MS MS (ES+) m/z: 267, 269]. The urea (5.27 g, 23.7 mmol) wasthen stirred in DMF (50.0 mL) with K₂CO₃ (3.27 g, 11.98 mmol) at roomtemperature for 12 h. The solid was filtered off and the solvent wasremoved in vacuum. The crude product was dissolved in dichloromethaneand passed through a silica column (50 g) and eluted withdichloromethane:ethyl acetate, 8:2 to give pure cyclic ureaintermediate, 1-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-one, as whitecrystalline material (3.85 g, 84.7%). MS (ES+) m/z: 231.

1-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-one (0.115 g, 0.50 mmol)prepared above was mixed with methyl 2-fluoro-5-iodobenzoate (0.168 g,0.60 mmol), CuI (0.006 g, 0.03 mmol), K₃PO₄ (0.254 g, 1.20 mmol),N,N′-dimethyl ethylenediamine (0.004 g, 0.005 mL, 0.05 mmol) and dioxane(3 mL). The mixture was heated at 110° C. with stirring for 12 h, andthe solvent was then removed in vacuum. The residue was suspended indichloromethane and passed through a short silica pad, the product,methyl ester of2-fluoro-5-[2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoicacid, was eluted with dichloromethane:ethyl acetate (9.5:0.5) (0.188 g,98.4%). MS (ES+) m/z: 383.

The methyl ester obtained above (0.180 g, 0.47 mmol) was heated withNaOH (1.25 M, 0.65 mL, 0.94 mmol) in THF (3 mL) to reflux and stirredfor 7 h. After cooling, THF was removed in vacuum and the residue wasdiluted with water (10 mL), followed by acidification. The precipitatewas collected by filtration and washed with water, dried in air tofurnish desire product2-fluoro-5-[2-oxo-3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazolidin-1-yl]benzoicacid (0.170 g, 98.3%). m.p. 241-242. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 300 MHz) δ (ppm)3.97 (s, 4H), 7.09 (t, 1H), 7.53 (d, 2H), 7.65 (d, 2H), 7.74-7.82 (m,1H), 7.95-8.03 (m, 1H). MS (ES−) m/z: 367.

Compounds 52, 54, 55, 57 and 80 can be prepared in the same fashion asdescribed above.

5.17 Example 17 Identification and Characterization of Compounds thatPromote Nonsense Suppression and/or Modulate Translation Termination5.17.1 Increase in vitro Nonsense Suppression at UBA Codon

Compounds of the invention are characterized further with the in vitroluciferase nonsense suppression assay. To ensure that the observednonsense suppression activity of the selected compounds is not limitedto the rabbit reticulocyte assay system, HeLa cell extract is preparedand optimized (Lie & Macdonald, 1999, Development 126(22):4989-4996 andLie & Macdonald, 2000, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 270(2):473-481).The nonsense suppression activity of compounds of the invention, withrespect to the UBA codon, are compared to gentamicin in the HeLa celltranslation extracts.

5.17.2 Characterization of Compounds that Increase Nonsense Suppressionand Produce Functional Protein

A stable cell line harboring the UBA nonsense-containing luciferase geneis treated with a test compound. Cells are grown in standard mediumsupplemented with 1% penicillin-streptomycin (P/S) and 10% fetal bovineserum (FBS) to 70% confluency and split 1:1 the day before treatment.The next day, cells are trypsinized and 40,000 cells are added to eachwell of a 96-well tissue culture dish. Serial dilutions of each compoundare prepared to generate a six-point dose response curve spanning 2 logs(30*M to 0.3*M). The final concentration of the DMSO solvent remainsconstant at 1% in each well. Cells treated with 1% DMSO serve as thebackground standard, and cells treated with gentamicin serve as apositive control.

5.17.3 Alteration of the Accessibility of Chemical Modifying Agents toSpecific Nucleotides in the 28S rRNA

Previous studies have demonstrated that gentamicin and other members ofthe aminoglycoside family that decrease the fidelity of translation bindto the A site of the 16S rRNA. By chemical footprinting, UVcross-linking and NMR, gentamicin has been shown to bind at the A site(comprised of nucleotides 1400-1410 and 1490-1500, E. coli numbering) ofthe rRNA at nucleotides 1406, 1407, 1494, and 1496 (Moazed & Noller,1987, Nature 327(6121):389-394; Woodcock et al., 1991, EMBO J.10(10):3099-3103; and Schroeder et al., 2000, EMBO J. 19:1-9.

Ribosomes prepared from HeLa cells are incubated with the smallmolecules (at a concentration of 100 mM), followed by treatment withchemical modifying agents (dimethyl sulfate [DMS] and kethoxal [KE]).Following chemical modification, rRNA is phenol-chloroform extracted,ethanol precipitated, analyzed in primer extension reactions usingend-labeled oligonucleotides hybridizing to different regions of thethree rRNAs and resolved on 6% polyacrylamide gels. The probes used forprimer extension cover the entire 18S (7 oligonucleotide primers), 28S(24 oligonucleotide primers), and 5S (one primer) rRNAs. Controls inthese experiments include DMSO (a control for changes in rRNAaccessibility induced by DMSO), paromomycin (a marker for 18S rRNAbinding), and anisomycin (a marker for 28S rRNA binding).

5.17.4 Readthrough of Premature Termination Codon in Cell-Based DiseaseModels

To address the effects of the nonsense-suppressing compounds on mRNAsaltered in specific inherited diseases, a bronchial epithelial cell lineharboring a nonsense codon at amino acid 1282 (W1282X) is treated with acompound of formula I and CFTR function is monitored as a cAMP-activatedchloride channel using the SPQ assay (Yang et al., 1993, Hum Mol Genet.2(8):1253-1261 and Howard et al., 1996, Nat Med. 2(4):467-469). Theincrease in SPQ fluorescence in cells treated with a compound of formulaI is compared to those treated with cAMP and untreated cells. Anincrease in SPQ fluorescence in cells is consistent with stimulation ofCFTR-mediated halide efflux and an increase in readthrough of thenonsense codon. Full-length CFTR expression from thisnonsense-containing allele following treatment with a compound offormula I demonstrates that cystic fibrosis cell lines increase chloridechannel activity when treated with a compound of formula I.

5.17.5 Expression of Full Length Dystrophin Protein in the NonsenseMutation-Containing MDX Mouse Cell by Treatment

The mutation in the mdx mouse that premature termination of the 427 kDadystrophin polypeptide has been shown to be a C to T transition atposition 3185 in exon 23 (Sicinski et al., 1989, Science.244(4912):1578-1580). Mouse primary skeletal muscle cultures derivedfrom 1-day old mdx mice are prepared as described previously(Barton-Davis et al., 1999, J Clin Invest. 104(4):375-381). Cells arecultured for 10 days in the presence of a compound of formula I. Culturemedium is replaced every four days and the presence of dystrophin inmyoblast cultures is detected by immunostaining as described previously(Barton-Davis et al., 1999, J Clin Invest. 104(4):375-381). A primarymonoclonal antibody to the C-terminus of the dystrophin protein (F19A12)is used undiluted and rhodamine conjugated anti-mouse IgG was used asthe secondary antibody. The F19A12 antibody detects the full-lengthprotein produced by suppression of the nonsense codon. Staining isviewed using a Leica DMR microscope, digital camera, and associatedimaging software at the University of Pennsylvania.

5.17.6 Readthrough of Premature Termination Codon in the MDX

As previously described (Barton-Davis et al., 1999, J Clin Invest.104(4):375-381), compound is delivered by Alzet osmotic pumps implantedunder the skin of anesthetized mice. Two doses of a compound of formulaI are administered. Gentamicin serves as a positive control and pumpsfilled with solvent only serve as the negative control. Pumps are loadedwith appropriate compound such that the calculated doses to which tissueis exposed are 10 mM and 20 mM. The gentamicin concentration iscalculated to achieve tissue exposure of approximately 200 mM. In theinitial experiment, mice are treated for 14 days, after which animalsare anesthetized with ketamine and exsanguinated. The tibialis anterior(TA) muscle of the experimental animals is then excised, frozen, andused for immunofluorescence analysis of dystrophin incorporation intostriated muscle. The presence of dystrophin in TA muscles is detected byimmunostaining, as described previously (Barton-Davis et al., 1999, JClin Invest. 104(4):375-381).

5.18 Example 18 100 mg Oral Dosage Form

Table 2 illustrates a batch formulation and a single dose unitformulation containing 100 mg of3-(3-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acidsodium salt.

TABLE 2 Formulation for 100 mg tablet Percent by Quantity MaterialWeight Quantity (mg/tablet) (kg/batch) 3-(3-(4-isopropyl-  40% 100.0020.00 phenyl)-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-1-yl)- benzoic acid sodium saltMicrocrystalline 53.5%  133.75 26.75 Cellulose, NF Pluronic F-68 4.0%10.00 2.00 Surfactant Croscarmellose 2.0% 5.00 1.00 Sodium Type A, NFMagnesium Stearate, 0.5% 1.25 0.25 NF Total 100.0%  250.00 mg 50.00 kg

The microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, and3-(3-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-1-yl)-benzoic acidsodium salt components are passed through a #30 mesh screen (about 430μto about 655μ). The Pluronic F-68® (manufactured by JRH Biosciences,Inc. of Lenexa, Kans.) surfactant is passed through a #20 mesh screen(about 457μ to about 1041μ). The Pluronic F-68® surfactant and 0.5 kgsof croscarmellose sodium are loaded into a 16 qt. twin shell tumbleblender and are mixed for about 5 minutes. The mix is then transferredto a 3 cubic foot twin shell tumble blender where the microcrystallinecellulose is added and blended for about 5 minutes. The thalidomide isadded and blended for an additional 25 minutes. This pre-blend is passedthrough a roller compactor with a hammer mill attached at the dischargeof the roller compactor and moved back to the tumble blender. Theremaining croscarmellose sodium and magnesium stearate is added to thetumble blender and blended for about 3 minutes. The final mixture iscompressed on a rotary tablet press with 250 mg per tablet (200,000tablet batch size).

5.19 Example 19 Aerosol Dosage Form

A concentrate is prepared by combining3-[3-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)-ureido]-benzoic acid, and a 12.6 kg portion ofthe trichloromonofluoromethane in a sealed stainless steel vesselequipped with a high shear mixer. Mixing is carried out for about 20minutes. The bulk suspension is then prepared in the sealed vessel bycombining the concentrate with the balance of the propellants in a bulkproduct tank that is temperature controlled to 21° to 27° C. andpressure controlled to 2.8 to 4.0 BAR. 17 ml aerosol containers whichhave a metered valve which is designed to provide 100 inhalations of thecomposition of the invention. Each container is provided with thefollowing:

ipratropium bromide, 0.0021 g (3-[3-(4-isopropyl-phenyl)- 0.0120 gureido]-benzoic acid) trichloromonofluoromethane 1.6939 gdichlorodifluoromethane 3.7028 g dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1.5766 gtotal 7.0000 g

5.20 Intravenous Dosage Form

The intravenous formulation is prepared by reconstituting a compound ofthe invention with an appropriate liquid medium, such as water forinjection (WFI) or a 5% dextrose solution. A desired concentration ofthe intravenous formulation can be obtained by reconstituting anappropriate amount of a compound of the invention with an appropriatevolume of liquid medium. A desired concentration of the intravenousformulation provides a therapeutically effective amount of a compound ofthe invention to the patient, preferably a mammal, more preferably ahuman, in need of the intravenous pharmaceutical formulation andmaintains a therapeutically effective level of a compound of theinvention in the patient. The dose which is therapeutically effectivewill depend on the rate at which the intravenous formulation isdelivered to the patient and the concentration of the intravenousformulation. For example, two vials containing a composition (e.g., 500mg of a compound of the invention per vial) are reconstituted with a 5%dextrose solution (14 ml of 5% dextrose solution per vial) yielding atotal of 28 mL of solution. The reconstituted solution is incorporatedinto a dextrose solution in an infusion bag and q.s. to 166 mL,resulting in a solution containing 6 mg/ml of a compound of theinvention suitable for intravenous infusion administration. Thepreferred concentration of a compound of the invention in the liquidmedium, in the infusion bag, is about 3 to about 10 mg/ml, preferablyabout 5 to about 6 mg/ml.

While the invention has been described with respect to the particularembodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art thatvarious changes and modifications can be made without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention as defined in the claims. Suchmodifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appendedclaims.

1. A compound having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: X is C(═O), S, S(═O) or S(O)₂; Y is:

R is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted aryl; n is an integer ranging from 0-4; R₁ and R₂ together form:

R₇ is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, cyano, nitro, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, or aminoalkoxy; R₈ is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy; R₉ is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy; R₁₀ is hydrogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, cyano, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy; R₁₁ is hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, cyano, nitro, haloalkoxy, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, or aminoalkoxy; and R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₆ are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, carboxy, alkylcarboxy, carbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, alkylaryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclo, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, cyano, nitro, sulfonyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylamino, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkylalkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkoxy, alkylamino or aminoalkoxy.
 2. A compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is a substantially pure enantiomer.
 3. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂ together form: —CH₂—CH₂—
 4. A compound of claim 1, wherein X is S or S(═O).
 5. A compound of claim 1, wherein Y is:


6. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂ together form —CH₂—CH₂—, X is C(═O) and Y is:

wherein R₁₇ is substituted alkyl.
 7. A compound of claim 6, wherein R₁₇ is substituted with fluorine.
 8. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂ together form —CH₂—CH₂—, X is C(═O) and Y is:

wherein R₇ and R₁₁ are hydrogen.
 9. A compound of claim 1, wherein one of R₈—R₁₀ is halogen.
 10. A compound of claim 1, wherein two of R₈-R₁₀ are halogen.
 11. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂ together form —CH₂—CH₂— and Y is:

wherein one of R₈—R₁₀ is other than hydrogen.
 12. A compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ and R₂ taken together form —C(═O)CH₂— and Y is:


13. A compound of claim 1 having the structure:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate, clathrate or stereoisomer thereof. 